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\trftsWidth1\trautofit1\trpaddl70\trpaddr70\trpaddfl3\trpaddfr3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtnthsg\brdrw30 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth4570 \cellx4500\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtnthsg\brdrw30 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2880 \cellx7380\clvertalt\clbrdrt \brdrtnthsg\brdrw30 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1762 \cellx9142\row }\pard\plain \s16\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4536\tqr\tx9072\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1044\langfe1044\cgrid\langnp1044\langfenp1044 { \fs8\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 \par }{ \par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxta )}} {\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs24\lang1044\langfe1044\cgrid\langnp1044\langfenp1044 { \b\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 Charles Webel}{\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 , Ph.D. \par Centre for Peace Studies, Tromso, Feb. 2005 \par \par }{\b\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 Why Do We Fight? A Multidimensional Exploration of the Roots of War and \par Human Conflict}{\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 \par \par \'93A weapon is an enemy even to its owner.\'94 \par \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab Turkish proverb \par \par }{\i\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 \tab \tab \tab Why \'93why?\'94 \par }\pard \ql \li1080\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1080\itap0 {\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 The search for coherent explanations of disparate, puzzling, and often troubling phenomena. \par }\pard \ql \fi-360\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0 {\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 A.\tab In the \'93natural\'94 and \'93physical\'94 world (e.g. planetary motion, floods, \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0 {\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 and heart attacks)\emdash \'93causes.\'94 Usually mono-causal, often statistical, explanations \par }\pard \ql \fi-360\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0 {\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 B.\tab In the \'93social\'94 and human world (historical events, such as wars and other forms of violent human conflict)--- \'93reasons.\'94 Usually multiple factors/reasons involved\emdash \'93overdetermination.\'94 \par }\pard \ql \fi-360\li2340\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx2340\faauto\rin0\lin2340\itap0 {\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 1.\tab Proximate/Long-range reasons. \par 2.\tab Ostensible (official pretexts)/Underlying reasons. \par \par \par }{\i\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 What is \'93War?\'94 \par }\pard \ql \li1080\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1080\itap0 {\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 K. von Clausewitz, \'93An act of violence intended to compel our opponents to fulfill our will\'85. The continuation of politics by other means.\'94 \par To some extent, the history of human civilization is the history of war(s), from 3000 BCE in the Ancient Near East to the present. \par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 A.\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-360\li1800\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx1800{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls1\pnrnot0\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta .}}\faauto\ls1\rin0\lin1800\itap0 { \lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 International. The use of force, lethal if necessary, by leaders of one nation (state) against another, for political/economic purposes. \par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 B.\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-360\li1800\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx1800{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls2\pnrnot0\pnucltr\pnstart2\pnindent360 {\pntxta .}}\faauto\ls2\rin0\lin1800\itap0 { \lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 Civil/Domestic/Guerilla (\'93Terrorist?\'94). The use of force by sub- \par }\pard \ql \li1800\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1800\itap0 {\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 national and/or secessionist groups against existing government(s)/ \par regime(s) for political/social/ideological purposes. \par \par }{\i\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 The Dimensions of War(s) \par }\pard \ql \li1080\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1080\itap0 {\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 T. Hobbes, \'93A general inclination of all mankind, a perpetual and restless desire for power after power that ceaseth only in death.\'94 \par }\pard \ql \fi-360\li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx1440\faauto\rin0\lin1440\itap0 {\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 A.\tab The Political (Diplomatic) Dimension(s). \'93Balance of Power,\'94 \'93National Security,\'94 \'93Realpolitik,\'94 and \'93 International Anarchy?\'94 \par B.\tab The Psychological Dimension. Inter-group Aggression. \par C.\tab The Economic Dimension. The (permanent?) \'93Warfare State?\'94 \par D.\tab The Social (Legal) Dimension(s). Increasing militarization, stratification (East/West, North/South, class), and authoritarianism, and declining civil liberties. \par E.\tab The Ideological and Ethical) Dimension(s). Patriotism, ethnocentrism, xenophobia, polarization (us=\'94good\'94, the \'93enemy\'94=\'94evil\'94), and dehumanization (\'93the communists,\'94 the \'93terrorists?\'94). \par \par \par \par \par \par F.\tab The Statistical Dimension. \par }\pard \ql \fi-360\li2340\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx2340\faauto\rin0\lin2340\itap0 {\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 1.\tab Number of deaths in combat incurred? L Richardson, J.D. Singer: >1000. \par 2.\tab Number of all deaths due to war? Since 1900, >50 million, or 2% of all deaths, due directly to war, another 10 million attributed to individual and small group violence. \par 3.\tab Number of troops deployed in combat? Q. Wright: >50,000. \par 4.\tab % of lives lost who were civilians? Since 1939, >70% civilians. \par 5.\tab Number of years nations states are at war? Since 1815, about 4%. \par 6.\tab Scope/scale of the conflict? Increasingly global. \par 7.\tab Range/lethality of the weaponry? Increasingly intercontinental, \'93low intensity,\'94 and potentially omnicidal.\tab \tab \tab \tab \par \par }{\i\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 Why War(s)? \par }\pard \ql \li1080\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1080\itap0 {\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 S. Freud (to A. Einstein), \'93We are led to conclude that this (the death \'93Thanatos\'94 ) instinct functions in every living being, striving to work its ruin and to reduce life to its primal state of inert matter.\'94 \par What are the \'93necessary\'94 and \'93sufficient\'94 conditions for war(s) and other forms of violent human conflict? \par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 A.\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-360\li1800\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx1800{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls3\pnrnot0\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent360 {\pntxta .}}\faauto\ls3\rin0\lin1800\itap0 { \lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 The Individual Level. Genes (\'93twisted?\'94), (gonads?). \'93Human Nature?\'94 Socialization to aggression and violence. \par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 B.\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-360\li1800\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx1800{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls4\pnrnot0\pnucltr\pnstart2\pnindent360 {\pntxta .}}\faauto\ls4\rin0\lin1800\itap0 { \lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 The Group Level. Human Evolution from pre-technological to \par }\pard \ql \li1800\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1800\itap0 {\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 advanced (post?) industrial societies. Underlying group processes. \par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 C.\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-360\li1800\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx1800{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls5\pnrnot0\pnucltr\pnstart3\pnindent360 {\pntxta .}}\faauto\ls5\rin0\lin1800\itap0 { \lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 The State Level. State \'93Sovereignty.\'94 The State System. Raison d\rquote Etat. \par {\pntext\pard\plain\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 D.\tab}}\pard \ql \fi-360\li1800\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx1800{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls6\pnrnot0\pnucltr\pnstart4\pnindent360 {\pntxta .}}\faauto\ls6\rin0\lin1800\itap0 { \lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 The Decision-Making Level. Strong, weak, and \'93evil\'94 leaders. Crisis \par }\pard \ql \li1800\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1800\itap0 {\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 management. Communication and mis-communication/perception. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 E. The Ideological, Social, and Economic Levels. Capitalism, \par }\pard \ql \li1800\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1800\itap0 {\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 democracy, \'93communism,\'94 nationalism, \'93extremism\'94 (religion), imperialism, poverty, and the \'93military-industrial complex.\'94 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 }{\i\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 . }{\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 The}{\i\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 \'93EGG(G)IES\'94 }{ \lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 Model}{\i\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 : }{\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 Ego, Greed, Groups (Genes/Gonads?), Ideologies, \par and Extenuating Circumstances (Leadership, \'93The Winning Weapon?\'94). \par Applying the Model? \par The \'93War on Terrorism/Terror.\'94}{\i\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 \par \par \tab \tab Are There Viable Alternatives to Wars and Violent Conflict to Resolve Disputes? \par }\pard \ql \li1080\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin1080\itap0 {\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 Cicero, \'93What can be done against force, without force?\'94 \par Martin Luther King, \'93If we assume that humankind has a right to survive, then we must find an alternative to war and destruction\'85. The choice today is no longer between violence or nonviolence. It is between nonviolence or nonexistence.\'94 \par What can/should social/human scientists and decision-makers do to reduce violence? \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\lang1033\langfe1044\langnp1033 \par }}