====== Hva er kybernetikk? ====== Teknisk kybernetikk er vitenskapen om hvordan (tekniske) dynamiske systemer som f.eks fartøyer, fly, roboter og industrielle prosesser oppfører seg, og hvordan man kan styre slike systemer automatisk. Et enkelt eksempel på en kybernetisk løsning fra hverdagslivet er en termostatstyrt varmeovn. Begrepet [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics|cybernetics]] (på norsk kybernetikk) ble lansert av den amerikanske matematikeren [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Wiener|Norbert Wiener]] i 1940-årene. Han hentet navnet til denne nye vitenskapen fra det greske ordet “kybernetes” som betyr styrmann/rormann – “den som styrer”. Det benyttes avanserte datatekniske og elektroniske virkemidler til måling, overvåkning og styring. Andre sentrale kybernetikere er [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann|John von Neumann ]]og [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannevar_Bush|Vannevar Bush]]. Få andre teknologiske fagområder har et like vidt anvendelsesområde som kybernetikken: de samme grunnprinsippene som beskriver oppførselen til tekniske systemer, gjenfinnes i økonomiske, sosiale, økologiske og biologiske systemer. Det siste gjør at kybernetikken i stigende grad også anvendes innen biologi og medisin. Kybernetiske anvendelser finnes overalt, og det er skrevet en rekke spennende populærvitenskapelige bøker om emnet: * [[http://www.kk.org/outofcontrol/|Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World]] * [[http://www.amazon.com/Age-Spiritual-Machines-Computers-Intelligence/dp/0140282025/ref=sr_1_5/104-9208268-1819158?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1175376438&sr=1-5|The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence]] * [[http://www.amazon.com/Singularity-Near-Humans-Transcend-Biology/dp/0670033847|The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology]] * [[http://www.amazon.com/Linked-Everything-Connected-Else-Means/dp/0452284392/sr=1-1/qid=1164221066/ref=sr_1_1/103-9705018-8726202?ie=UTF8&s=books|Linked: How Everything Is Connected to Everything Else and What It Means]] * [[http://www.amazon.com/Sync-Emerging-Science-Spontaneous-Order/dp/0713996218/sr=1-1/qid=1164220646/ref=pd_bbs_1/103-9705018-8726202?ie=UTF8&s=books|Sync: The Emerging Science of Spontaneous Order]] Historiske bøker om kybernetikk: * [[http://www.amazon.com/History-Control-Engineering-1800-1930/dp/0863410472/ref=sr_1_2/104-9208268-1819158?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1175376549&sr=1-2|A History of Control Engineering 1800-1930]] * [[http://www.amazon.com/History-Control-Engineering-1930-1955-Iee/dp/0863412998/ref=sr_1_1/104-9208268-1819158?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1175376549&sr=1-1|A History of Control Engineering 1930-1955]] * [[http://www.amazon.com/Origins-Feedback-Control-Otto-Mayr/dp/026213067X/ref=sr_1_1/104-9208268-1819158?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1175376828&sr=1-1|The Origins of Feedback Control]] * [[http://www.amazon.com/Control-Revolution-Technological-Economic-Information/dp/0674169867|The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society]] * [[http://www.amazon.com/Between-Human-Machine-Cybernetics-Technology/dp/0801880572/sr=1-12/qid=1164220720/ref=sr_1_12/103-9705018-8726202?ie=UTF8&s=books|Between Human and Machine: Feedback, Control, and Computing before Cybernetics]] * [[http://www.amazon.com/Cybernetics-Group-Steve-Joshua-Heims/dp/0262082004/ref=sr_1_3/104-9208268-1819158?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1175376943&sr=1-3|The Cybernetics Group]] * [[http://www.amazon.com/Systems-Experts-Computers-Management-Engineering/dp/0262082853/ref=sr_1_7/104-9208268-1819158?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1175376549&sr=1-7|Systems, Experts, and Computers: The Systems Approach in Management and Engineering, World War II and After]] * [[http://www.amazon.com/Inventing-Accuracy-Historical-Sociology-Technology/dp/0262631474/sr=1-1/qid=1164222166/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1/104-7378969-4155904?ie=UTF8&s=books|Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance]] Det er også skrevet bøker om sentrale kybernetikere: * [[http://www.amazon.com/Dark-Hero-Information-Age-Cybernetics/dp/0738203688/sr=1-1/qid=1164220913/ref=pd_bbs_1/103-9705018-8726202?ie=UTF8&s=books|Dark Hero Of The Information Age: In Search of Norbert Wiener - The Father of Cybernetics ]] *[[http://www.amazon.com/Endless-Frontier-Vannevar-Engineer-American/dp/0262740222/sr=1-6/qid=1164220557/ref=sr_1_6/103-9705018-8726202?ie=UTF8&s=books|Endless Frontier: Vannevar Bush, Engineer of the American Century]] * [[http://www.amazon.com/John-Von-Neumann-Scientific-Deterrence/dp/082182676X/ref=sr_1_1/104-9208268-1819158?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1175377601&sr=1-1|John von Neumann: The Scientific Genius Who Pioneered the Modern Computer, Game Theory, Nuclear Deterrence, and Much More]] * [[http://www.amazon.com/Elmer-Sperry-Inventor-Engineer-Technology/dp/0801847567/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1/104-9208268-1819158?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1175377773&sr=1-1|Elmer Sperry: Inventor and Engineer]] * [[http://www.amazon.com/Hurricane-Autobiography-Richard-Ernest-Bellman/dp/997196600X/ref=sr_1_4/104-9208268-1819158?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1175377708&sr=1-4|Eye of the Hurricane: An Autobiography]]