International Tourism

Course	INTERNATIONAL TOURISM
Code	R34
Semester	Spring
Credits	15
Study program	Bachelor in Tourism, 2nd year – obligatory course Bachelor in Hotel Administration, 2nd year – elective course
Objective	The aim of the course is to enhance the understanding of tourism as an international phenomenon from the perspective of social sciences, including also cultural and business-related implications. This is obtained by adopting a scientific approach to highlighting central topics. Focus will mainly be on sociological aspects, through the study of classical as well as recent travel literature.
Pre-knowledge	Completed courses from the 1st and 2nd year of the study program is a prerequisite for this course.
Content	The foundation of tourism · Different perspectives on tourism and the tourist: traveller or tourist? · Essential features of tourism: adventure, movement, and differentness. · Tourism in time and space. · Modern trends in tourism. · Tourism as metaphor. The tourist, his gaze and his other senses · A semiotic approach to tourism. · The tourist gaze as metaphor and approach. · The tourist gaze: John Urry’s contribution to understanding tourism. · Tourism and the senses. Authenticity and commercialization of tourism · The classics of the authenticity theory: MacCannell, Cohen, Bruner and Wang. · Different approaches to authenticity. · Authenticity as discourse. Tourism as a cross-cultural phenomenon · The concept of tourism in the study of tourism. · Tourism and modernity. · Tourist performance in a cross-cultural perspective. Tourism as a global phenomenon
Language of instruction	English/Norwegian
Organisation of the course	Lectures, seminars, presentation of papers, and discussions.
Working methods	Lectures, participation in seminars, presentation of material, individually and/or in groups.
Process evaluation	In order to be allowed to sit for the exam, the student must have fulfilled the following requirements, with approved results: Presentation of articles. Every student must make an oral presentation to the class of articles covering various parts of the syllabus, possibly as a contribution to a theme-based seminar. Agreement on choice of topic and time of presentation is made at the beginning of the semester. Paper. Every student is required to present his/her paper to the class at a seminar aimed at summing up the course, i.e. towards the end of April, before the paper is submitted for evaluation.
Final assessment	The examination has two parts, which are assessed together. Every student is to write a paper individually. The topic of the paper must be within the scope of the course, and it must be approved by the teacher. The student is entitled to guidance during the writing process. A 4-hour written examination. No aids are allowed. The student is given one final grade for the course. In case of a non-passing grade, the student may do a re-take in those parts in which he/she has failed.
Grades	Grades are given according to the scale A – F. E is the lowest passing grade. F is failure.
Syllabus	John Urry 1990: The tourist gaze. London: Routledge. Adrian Franklin 2003. Tourism: an introduction. London: Sage. Artikler fra Jens Kr. Steen Jacobsen and Arvid Viken (ed.) 1999. Turisme: Stedet i en bevegelig verden. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. Ca 60 pages: Arvid Viken and Jens Kr. Steen Jacobsen: Forestillinger om steder Kjell Olsen: Reiser til fortiden Arvid Viken: Turisme som semiotisk praksis Tom Selänniemi: Sakrale steder og profane turister. Anders Sørensen: Autentiske steder og andre reisemyter Ingunn Grimstad Klepp 1999: Stier, fortidens fotefag Articles in compendiums – to be handed out: Victor Alneng 2002. The modern do not cater for natives: travel ethnography and the conventions of form. Tourist Studies, 2(2) 119-143. Z. Bauman, 1996. From Pilgrim to Tourist - or a Short History of Identity, pp. 19-36 in S. Hall and P. Du Gay (ed.): Questions of Cultural Identity. London: Sage Publications. Daniel Boorstin 1992: The image. A guide to pseudo-events in America. Pp 77-117: From traveler to tourist: the lost art of travel. New York: Vintage Books. Edward M. Bruner 1994. Abraham Lincoln as authentic reproduction: A critique of postmodernism. American Anthropolgist, 96(2): 397–415. Joergen Baerenholdt et al. 2004. Performing tourist places. London: Ashgate. Erik Cohen 1988: Authenticity and commoditisation in tourism. Erik Cohen 1995: Contemporary tourism - trends and challenges. Sustainable authenticity or contrived post-modernity? In Richard Butler and Douglas Pearce (ed.): Change in tourism. People, places, processes. London: Routledge. A. Franklin and M. Crang 2001. The trouble with tourism and travel theory? Tourist Studies, 1: 5 - 22. Graham Dann 2002. The tourist as a Methaphor of the social world. In Graham Dann (ed.) 2002. The tourist as a Methaphor of the social world. Wallingford: CABI Publishing. Paul Fussell 1980: Abroad. British literary traveling between the wars. Pp37-50: From exploration to travel to tourism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jens Kr. S. Jacobsen 1997: Det passerende blikket. Sosiologi i dag. Jafar Jafari 2001: The scientification of tourism. In Valene Smith og Maryann Brent (ed.) Hosts and guests revisited. New York : Cognizant. Y.-S. Lee 2001. Tourist Gaze: Universal Concept. Tourism, Culture & Communication, 3: 93- 99. Dean MacCannell 1999 [1976]: The tourist. New York: Schocken. Stein R. Mathisen: Tracing the narratives of the ecological sami. In Kirsti Pedersen and Arvid Viken (eds.): Nature and Identity. Essays on the Culture of Nature. (Kulturstudier nr. 36) Kristiansand: Høyskoleforlaget 2003. Kjell Olsen 2002. Authenticity as a concept in tourism research. Tourist studies, 2(2):159-182. Yvette Reisinger and Lindsay W. Turner 2003. Cross-cultural behaviour in tourism: concepts and analysis. Oxford : Butterworth-Heinemann Mimi Sheller, John Urry. 2004. Tourism mobilities : places to play, places in play. London: Routledge. Ola Sletvold. Vikingene i norsk turismeutvikling In Arvid Viken (ed.): 2001. Turisme: Tradisjoner og trender. Oslo: Gyldendal Akademisk. Ola Sletvold: Hurtigruten. Transport, tradisjon og turister. In Arvid Viken (ed.): 2001. Turisme: Tradisjoner og trender. Oslo: Gyldendal Akademisk. John Urry 1995: Time and space in the consumption of place. In John Urry: Consuming places. London: Routledge. John Urry 1996: How societies remember their past. I Sharon MacDonald and Gordon Fyfe (ed.) Theorizing museums. Oxford: Blackwell. Arvid Viken and Jens Kr. S. Jacobsen 1997. Turisme - lokalt og globalt fenomen. In Jens Kr. Steen Jacobsen og Arvid Viken (ed.): Turisme: Fenomen og næring. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. Arvid Viken: Fortrylling som tendens. In Arvid Viken (ed.): 2001. Turisme: Tradisjoner og trender. Oslo: Gyldendal Akademisk. Arvid Viken: Turistopplevelsen. In Jens Kr. Steen Jacobsen and Arvid Viken (ed.): Turisme: Fenomen og næring. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. Ning Wang 2000: Modernity as tourism of authenticity. In Ning Wang: Tourism and modernity. London: Pergamon.