Sharing Ocean Space: Visions, Knowledge, Strategies and Tools

April 23-25, 2008. Place: room 1.313 in the Teoretical subject building

A course in the series “Political Ecology”, SVF-8502 Political ecology 2 (5 credits). To applicate and register, please download and fill in the application form.. Deadline for application/registration: 15 April 2008.
PhD candidates from other universities must enclose certified documentation which shows that they are PhD-candidates (minimum requirements are a completed master level degree within relevant discipline).

Audience: PhD students, other faculty

Institution: MAREMA, Norwegian College of Fisheries Science, and Centre For Sami Studies, University of Tromsø.

Download program for Sharing Ocean Space: Visions, Knowledge, Strategies, Tools.

Responsible: Prof. Svein Jentoft and Prof. Susan Hanna.
Special guest lecturer: Dr. Kevin St. Martin. Rutgers University, USA.

Introduction

Throughout history people have used the ocean’s space. Spatial patterns of use were established and institutionalized to represent different claims on resources. These patterns changed slowly over time to accommodate new uses, for example the development of offshore oil and gas fields. In recent years established spatial patterns of use have come under increasing pressure as new emerging uses such as marine reserves, ecotourism, aquaculture, wind energy and wave energy compete for space. Many regions of the world are in conditions of spatial scarcity. Old institutions and tools of analysis are not adapted to the complexity of allocating among an increasing number of uses. With increased competition for ocean space, users also claim rights of use and property in order to secure access in order to secure livelihoods and/or to capitalize on resource values.

This course takes an evolutionary and interdisciplinary view of how people share ocean space. It begins with an overview of changes in ocean space perspectives over time. It then addresses the generation and use of knowledge of ocean space, strategies for managing the use of ocean space, and tools for addressing the unique challenges of spatial allocation. Spatial allocation is a controversial in oceans worldwide. This course will provide a framework for thinking about the ocean space issue. Each lecture will relate the section topic to the larger issue, describing the state of knowledge and offering a perspective on key elements. The course will also draw on the recent NOU on Sami rights to marine territory and resources.

Visions of Coastal and Ocean Space

An overview perspective of historical views of coastal and ocean space: fear, admiration, social awareness

• Traditional societies
  
• Mercantile societies
  
• Modern and post-modern capitalist societies
  
• Indigenous communities

Example references:

• Corbin, A. 1994. The Lure of the Sea: The Discovery of the Seaside 1750-1840. English translation. New York: Penguin Press.
  
• Mcclatchy J. D.. 2001. Poems of the Sea. Everyman’s Library.
  
• Raban, J. 2002. The Oxford Book of the Sea. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  
• Steinberg, P.E. 2001. The Social Construction of the Ocean. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  
• NOU 2008: Om samiske rettigheter i fiske (tentative title).

Knowledge of Ocean Space
Sources of knowledge

• Traditional
  
• Early science
  
• Contemporary science
  
• Contemporary local knowledge

Example references:

• Foale, S. 2006. The intersection of scientific and indigenous ecological knowledge in coastal Melanesia: implications for contemporary marine resource management. International Social Science Journal 58:187, 129–137
  
• García-Quijano, C.G.. 2007. Fishers' Knowledge of Marine Species Assemblages: Bridging between Scientific and Local Ecological Knowledge in Southeastern Puerto Rico. American Anthropologist 109:3, 529
  
• Gass. S.E. and J.H. M. Willison. 2005. An assessment of the distribution of deep-sea corals in Atlantic Canada by using both scientific and local forms of knowledge. Pp. 223-245 in André Freiwald and J. Murray Roberts, eds. Cold-Water Corals and Ecosystems. Springer Berlin Heidelberg
  
• Johannes, R.E., M.M.R. Freeman, R.J. Hamilton. 2000. Ignore fishers’ knowledge and miss the boat. Fish and Fisheries 1 (3): 257–271.
  
• Mackinson, S. 2001. Integrating Local and Scientific Knowledge: An Example in Fisheries Science. Environmental Management 27(4):533-545.
  
• Tyrrell, M. 2007. Sentient Beings and Wildlife Resources: Inuit, Beluga Whales and Management Regimes in the Canadian Arctic. Human Ecology 35:5, 641.

Strategies
A number of strategies are developing to address the allocation of ocean space. Some borrow from the experience of landscape planning to adapt planning processes to the marine environment.

• Co-management processes
  
• Integrated management
  
• Ocean zoning
  
• Territorial use rights
  
• Markets for ecosystem services

Example references:

• Wilson, D. C. et al. (eds.) 2003: The Fisheries Co-Management Experience. Dordrecht. Kluwer Press.
  
• Armitage, D. et. al. (eds.) 2007: Adaptive Co-Management. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
  
• Cicin-Sain, B. and R. W. Knecht: Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management 1999. Washington D.C. Island Press.

Tools
A wide array of tools are developing to manage, present and analyze spatial information. Spatially based decision processes are also beginning to be developed.

• GIS
  
• Expert systems
  
• Collaborative modeling

Example References:

• Anuchiracheeva, S., H. Demaine, G.P. Shivakoti, and K. Ruddle. 2003. Systematizing local knowledge using GIS: fisheries management in Bang Saphan Bay, Thailand. Ocean and Coastal Management 46 (11-12):1049-1068.
  
• Arlinghaus, R. T. Mehner, I.G Cowx. 2002. Reconciling traditional inland fisheries management and sustainability in industrialized countries, with emphasis on Europe. Fish and Fisheries 3:4, 261–316
  
• Fowler, C. and E. Treml. 2001. Building a marine cadastral information system for the United States – a case study. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. csc.noaa.gov
  
• Mackinson, S. and L. Nottestad. 1998. Points of View: Combining Local and Scientific Knowledge. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 8(4): 481-490
  
• Rutherford, R.J., G.J. Herbert, S.S. Coffen-Smout. 2005. Integrated Ocean Management and the Collaborative Decision Process: the Eastern Scotian Shelf Integrated Management (ESSIM) Initiative. Marine Policy 29(1):75-83.
  
• St. Martin, K., B. McCay, G. Murry, T. Johnson, and B. Oles. 2007. “Communities, Knowledge, and Fisheries of the Future” International Journal of Global Environmental Issues 7(2/3): 221-239.
  
• St. Martin, K. 2005. “Mapping Economic Diversity in the First World: The Case of
  Fisheries,” Environment and Planning A 37: 959-979.
  
• St. Martin, K. 2004. “GIS in Marine Fisheries Science and Decision Making,” in
  Geographic Information Systems in Fisheries, W. L. Fisher and F. J. Rahel eds. (American Fisheries Society), pp. 237-258.
  
• St. Martin, K. and M. Hall-Arbor: “The Missing Layer: Geo-technologies, Communities and Implication for Marine Spatial Planning. Marine Policy (forthcoming).
  
• St. Martin, K. and M. Hall-Arbor Environment and Development: (Re)connecting Community and Commons n New England Fisheries. In S. Kindon, R. Pain and M. Kesby eds.: Connecting People, Participation and Place: Participatory Action, Research Approaches ad Methods. Routledge (forthcoming).