In 1994 SUM organised its research in three main thematic areas. These are presented below in summary form, together with the various projects and programmes. (Fuller details of these are contained in a separate publication). The process of more narrowly defining these areas, and more closely matching them with new projects and programmes , will continue - based on the experience in 1994.
1. Research Area I - Cultural values, social change and environment
In recent years there has been increasing research on global phenomena and globalisation processes. This has focused on the spreading of western ideas and values, which have a special power because they are linked to political and economic dominance. A key issue is how actors at local level, from their own culture and experience, adapt to and initiate change.
Certain processes, such as commoditisation, have direct effects on the material welfare of people and on the resources of the globe. But the very categories used to describe these processes, and the analytical tools used to study them, are often value-laden. The aim of the research within this area is therefore to critically study different perceptions of the human and natural world in both our own and other cultures, so as to better understand the diversity of cultural values, and even to challenge the legitimacy of the dominant western one.
In 1994 the following researchers and projects were included. In addition to those listed, several new researchers working with ethical and environmental issues were added at the end of the period, creating a stronger and more coherent group round this theme.
Nina Witoszek, Senior Researcher
"Nature symbolism and ideology in modern Norwegian urban society"
"The meaning of nature for quality of life in built-up areas".
Philosophy & Cultural History. Financed by The Norwegian Research Council
Arne Næss, Professor Emeritus
Kit Fai Næss, Research assistant
Eco-Philosophy and ecology
Jon Wetlesen, Professor
Philosophy. (Temporary research secondment to SUM)
Kristi Anne Stølen, Latin-American Research Coordinator and Senior Researcher
"Latin-American Research"
"Economics, ideology and gender among Latin-American Peasantry"
Anthropology/ social science. Financed by The Norwegian Research Council
Christian Krohn-Hansen, Ph.D. student
"An analysis of power and legitimacy: ladership, nationalism and political culture in the Caribbean"
Anthropology. Financed by The University of Oslo
Jo Helle-Valle, Ph.D.student
"Change and Diversity in a Kgalagadi village, Botswana"
Anthropology. Financed by The Norwegian Research Council
Desmond McNeill, Director and Senior Researcher
"Consumption patterns and social change"
Economics. Financed by The Norwegian Research Council
Master Students attached to Area I: Jemima Garcia-Godos, Leo Andreas Grunfeld, Michael Hundeide, Henrik Wiig
2. Research Area II - Strategies for the use and conservation of renewable resources
The focus is on strategies for the management of renewable resources. These are widely defined to include both terrestrial and aquatic resources, ranging from genetic material to whole ecosystems. Conservation here relates to sustainable use of natural resources as well as to maintenance, rehabilitation, enhancement and protection of populations and ecosystems. Sustainable use may include both consumptive use (e.g harvesting) and non- or low consumptive use (e.g tourism, recreation, contemplation).
Property and access rights to renewable resources and the associated potential conflicts of interest are important areas for research. Related to these, although a field of study in its own right, is the issue of how different perceptions of and attitudes to nature may create conflict as to whether potential resources such as animals or forests shall be used at all.
Arne Kalland, Senior Researcher
"Hunting of Marine Mammals: cultural aspects of resource management in the circumpolar regions"
Anthropology. Financing: The Norwegian Research Council & NOS-H (Joint Committee of the Nordic Research Councils for the Humanities).
Signe I. Nyhuus, Senior Researcher
"Green structure planning in Norwegian municipalities from 1965 till 1995"
"Densification while preserving qualities"
Biology and Landscape ecology. Financing: The Ministry of Environment, The Norwegian Research Council and Directorate for Nature Management
Øyvind Sandbukt, Senior Researcher
"Coastal marine biodiversity management, Indonesia"
Anthropology. Financing: The Norwegian Research Council and Directorate for Nature Management
Britt Hveem, Researcher
"Food security and nutrition at the household level"
Ethnobotany. Financing: Norwegian Research Council, the Norwegian Universities Committee for Development Research and Education (NUFU).
Tor Arve Benjaminsen, Ph.D.student
"Local Natural Resource Management in Southern Mali"
Geography. Financed by The Norwegian Research Council.
Gunnvor Berge, Ph.D. Student
"Food security and nutrition at the household level"
Anthropology. Financing: Norwegian Research Council, the Norwegian Universities Committee for Development Research and Education (NUFU).
Mette Masst, Ph.D.student
"Government strategies for sustainable development and popular responses in Zimbabwe"
Sociology. Financed by The Norwegian Research Council
Simon Rye, Ph.D.student
"Conservation contested: Arssi resistance to a wildlife sanctuary in the Ethiopian Rift Valley"
Anthropology. Financing: The Norwegian Research Council and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Hanne Svarstad, Ph.D.student
"The genetic resources of developing countries: property rights, payment mechanisms and sustainable development"
Sociology. Financed by The Norwegian Research Council.
Randi Veiberg, Ph.D.student
"Environmental balance, employment and bio-energy"
Sociology. Financed by The Norwegian Research Council & the Ministry of Environment
Inger Haug, Researcher
"Environmental administration in urban areas"
Envrionmental administration. Financing: Oslo City Council Training Centre and SUM
Nils Christian Stenseth, Professor
Thomas Hansteen, Project assistant
"Biosphere reserves in Norway"
Biology. Financing: The Norwegian Research Council.
Masters Students attached to Area II: Bruno Dery
3. Research area III - International trade, national development strategies and environment
This research area analyses the relationship between international trade, transnational companies, national development strategies and the environment. The major issue is how the globalisation of production, international trade and national industrialisation in certain institutional contexts affects the environment in developing countries and globally; and what consequences this has for devising strategies for sustainable development.
A special focus is on opportunities and constraints for national economic policy in relation to trade liberalisation through GATT/WTO and the proliferation of national, regional and international regulations. The interplay - whether complementarity or conflict - between environmental, trade and general economic measures occupies a central place.
Jan Hesselberg, Professor
"Relocation of polluting industry"
"Environment, trade and industrialization"
Human Geography. Financing: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Norwegian Research Council
Helge Hveem, Professor
"Environment, trade and industrialization"
Political Science. Financing: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Norwegian Research Council
Stein Hansen, Senior Research Fellow
"Environment, trade and industrialization"
Economics. Financing: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Norwegian Research Council
Audun Ruud, Ph.D. Student
"The environmental management strategy of aluminium producers"
Political science. Financing: The Norwegian Research Council.
Arne Magnus, Ph.D. Student
"International competition and industrial pollution - A study of the fertilizer industry in Gujarat, India"
Social Geography. Financing: The Norwegian Research Council
Morten Bøås, Ph.D. Student
"The Environmental Dimension of Multilateral Aid"
Political science. Financing: The Norwegian Research Council.
Hege Westskog, Ph.D.student
"Design of an international system for reduction of global CO2 emissions"
Economics. Financed by The Norwegian Research Council
Kristen Nordhaug, Ph.D. student
"State, American hegemony and economic transformation in Taiwan"
Sociology. Financed by The Norwegian Research Council
Masters Students attached to Area III: Inger Abrahamsen, Simen Agdestein, Olaug Bjertnes, Ingrid Brænden, Benedicte Bull, Torgeir Larsen, Petter Lindstad, Stefan Midteide, Kim Sveen, Nina Westad.
4. Other research projects and programmes
SUMs other research activities include some which may become substantial research programmes at SUM and others where SUM has primarily a coordinating or networking role.
"The HEBUT Programme (Health, Population and Development in Developing Countries)"
Staffan Bergström, Professor
Gerd Holmboe- Ottesen, Senior Researcher
Nutrition, Medicine and Anthropology. Financing: The Norwegian Research Council.
The HEBUT programme was started in 1990, initially for a 5 year period - subsequently extended for a further period with special emphasis on reproductive health. It was originally located at SUM, but in 1994 a permanent Department of International Health was established in the Faculty of Medicine and HEBUT activities were transferred there, although both Staffan Bergström and Gerd Holmboe-Ottesen remain associated with SUM. Main projects in 1994 were: "Nutrition, food security and the environment - a rural study in the Kweneng district in Botswana", "Eclampsy in Maputo" and "Genital infections and pregnancy outcome in Mozambique"
"The Norwegian-Indonesian Rain Forest and Resource Management Project (NORINDRA)"
Øyvind Sandbukt, Researcher and head of programme
Multidisciplinary. Financing: Norwegian Research Council, the Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
The NORINDRA programme was a major research programme including a wide variety of disciplines such as anthropology, human ecology, economics, ethnobotany, forest management and zoology. It involved collaboration between researchers from several universities in Norway - including Oslo, CMI Bergen, NLH Ås - from Indonesia, and elsewhere. The research programme ended in 1994, with the organisation of conferences and publications. One of the concrete results of the programme has been the establishment of a permanent forest reserve in the area under study.
"The Mali-Programme"
Alida Boye, Coordinator
Multidisciplinary. Financing: Norwegian Research Council, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Norwegian Universities Committee for Development Research and Education (NUFU), and the Ministry of Environment.
The Mali-programme, which was initiated in 1989, is part of the SSE-programme, which also includes Ethiopia and Sudan. The programme consists of several cooperation projects between The National Research Council in Mali (C.N.R.S.T.) and the University of Oslo. It involves several departments at the University of Oslo besides SUM (Nutrition, Geography and Geophysics). The programme's main focus is on food security and exploitation of natural resources within the north-eastern part of Mali bordering the Sahara desert (the Gourma region), studies of the ecology and physiology of the Senegal Grasshopper and building of educational and research infrastructure.
"Latin America"
Kristi Anne Stølen, Research Coordinator
Social Sciences/multidisciplinary. The Norwegian Research Council.
The role of the coordinator is to stimulate and strengthen research on Latin America at the University of Oslo. Activities: Guidance of students and researchers, competence building thorough the organization of lectures, seminars, conferences, exchange of researchers, research collaboration.
"Man and the Biosphere ( MAB)"
Geir Arnulf, Research coordinator
Multidisciplinary. The Norwegian Research Council
In 1994 SUM took over administrative responsibility for Norway's national research effort within the global research programme "Man and the Biosphere".
"State, Society and Democracy (SSD)"
Desmond McNeill, Director and Senior Researcher
Ketil Fred Hansen, Ph.D student , history
Law, human rights, political science, media studies, history. Financing: The Norwegian Research Council
Two departments at University of Oslo (Human Rights and Media) have research projects financed under this programme, and others have related projects - including that of Ketil Fred Hansen "Sultans and bureaucracies: traditional elites and the administration of the state in Northern Cameroon". SUM has responsibility for networking and coordination at the University.
5. Commissioned Studies
"A Critical Study of Swedish Aid Policy"
Desmond McNeill, Director and Senior Researcher
Helge Hveem, Professor
Alexander W. Cappelen, Researcher
Morten Bøås, Master Student
Political science and development studies. Financing: Secretariat for Analysis of Swedish Development Assistance (SASDA)
SUM was commissioned by the Swedish Government to undertake a study of the fundamentals of Swedish aid policy as it evolved over a 25 year period, based on interviews with the present and former heads of SIDA, and other central actors past and present. Following a verbal presentation of the draft report to the Committee and other leading experts on Swedish aid, it was published by the Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Report No. 2, DS 1994:75) under the title:"Is Swedish Aid Rational?. A critical study of Swedish aid policy in the period 1968-93" .
6. Seminars
Occasional Papers
(1994. 1)Bruun, Frank Jarle, Yolande Coombes and Mbulawa Mugabe (eds.) The situation of the Elderly in Botswana: Proceedings from an International Workshop. National Institute of Development and Documentation (NIR), University of Botswana and Centre for Development and the Environment, University of Oslo.
Working papers
(1994. 1)Westskog, Hege: Nytte kostnadsanalyse i natur- og miljøplanlegging.
(1994. 2)Svarstad, Hanne: The Sociology of Plant Genetic Resources.
(1994. 3)Cappelen, Alexander: The Hard Case of International Distribution: Some issues in the non-ideal and second-best theory of international distribution.
(1994. 4)Stølen, Kristi Anne: Gender, Culture and Social change in Latin-America: A nordic perspectiv.
(1994. 5)Krohn-Hansen, Christian: The Devil and Global Connections Revisited: Magic, money and alterity among Dominicans.
(1994. 6)Krohn-Hansen, Christian: The Semantics of Political Freud among Dominicans: Constructing illegitimacy/deconstructing defeat and victory.
(1994. 7)Masst, Mette: Exploring Differentiation among the Zimbawean Peasantry.
(1994. 8)Helle-Valle, Jo: Current Uses of Oral History in Letlhakeng Village, Botswana.
(1994. 9)Rye, Simon: Conservation contested: Exploring local resistance in the Ethiopian Rift Valley.
(1994. 10)Helle-Valle, McNeill, Holmboe-Ottesen: Modernization and Beer Consumption in Botswana: Alternative perspectives.
(1994. 11)Grünfeld, Leo Andreas: Functional and Parametric Models of Socially Interdependent Consumer Behavior.
(1994. 12)Westskog, Hege: Market power in a system of tradeable CO2-quotas.
Berge, G. "Conflict, Notions of Self and Cultural Continuity among Tuaregs". In Revue anthropologiqu. XXI Congrčs International d´Archeologie Préhistorique, november 1993-mars 1994:192-210.
Berge, G. "Overvejelse omkring begrebet indfødte folk i Afrika - eksemplificeret ved tuaregerne". In Den nye Verden , 27(1):107-118.
Bøås, M. Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern African States . Hovedoppgave, Institutt for statsvitenskap, Universitetet i Oslo.
García-Godos, J. "Sosiale bevegelser og utvikling". In Sosiologi i dag , (4):47-69.
García-Godos, J. "Social movements and social change: examples from the Rondas Campesinas of Cutervo, Peru". In Samfunnsgeografi hovedfagsårbok 1994 . Avd. For samfunnsgeografi, Universitetet i Oslo.
Gundersen, F., Nyhuus, S., Thorén, A. K. Grønnstrukturens vilkår i kommunal planlegging. Bakgrunn teori og metode. MILKOM notat 4/94, NFR.
Helle-Valle, J. "Bobelete - en kvinne-strategi?". In Norsk antropologisk tidsskrift , (5):14-26.
Helle-Valle, J. "Rwanda - en etnisk tragedie". Kronikk i Dagbladet , 4. august.
Hesselberg, J. "Industrial pollution: A shift from North to South?". In Backer, L.I. et al. (eds.). Environment and Development in Developing Countries: National and International Law. Studies in Environmental Law no. 9. I Institutt for offentlig retts skriftserie nr. 7.
Hesselberg, J. "Industrial Pollution in the South and Transnational companies: Book Review". In Hesselberg, J. & H.M. Knutsen. Location of Pollution-intensive Industry in a North/South Perspective: Review of the literature. FIL Working Papers (1):51-95.
Hesselberg, J. National experiences with shelter delivery for the poorest groups. Nairobi: United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (HABITAT).
Hesselberg, J. Fattigdom. Begrep, målemetoder og omfang. Occasional Paper 14, Avd. For samfunnsgeografi, Universitetet i Oslo.
Hesselberg, J. "Food Security in Botswana". In Salih, M.A.M. (ed.). Induced food insecurity. Perspectives on food policies in Eastern and Southern Africa. Seminar Proceedings 30, Nordiska Afrikainstituttet, Uppsala.
Hveem, B. , Diallo, D., Mahmoud, M. & Berge, G. "Reflections on the Concept of Indigenous Peoples in Africa". In Veber, H. (ed.) Never drink from the same cup. IWGIA Document 74. Proceedings of the Conference on Indigenous Peoples in Africa. Tune, Denmark.
Hveem, H. "Liberalisering versus proteksjonisme - hva tjener en bærekraftig utvikling". I GATT, U-landene og miljøet. Rapport fra en konferanse i Oslo 20-21 oktober 1994, s. 38-42.
Hveem, H. "Globalization, North-South Politics and the World Trade Organization". In Forum for utviklingsstudier , (1-2):111-138.
Hveem, H. (red). Complex Cooperation. Universitetsforlaget, Oslo.
Hveem, H. Internasjonalisering og politikk. Oslo: Tano.
Hveem, H. & McNeill, D. Is Swedish Aid Rational? Oslo: Utenriksministeriet.
Kalland, A. "Indigenous knowledge - local knowledge. Prospects and limitations". In Hansen, B. (ed.). Arctic Environment. A report on The Seminar on Integration of Indigenous Peoples Knowledge. Copenhagen: Ministry of the Environment/The Home Rule of Greenland, s. 150-167.
Kalland, A. "Japan". I Howell/Melhuus (red). Fjærn og nær. Sosialantropologiske perspektiver på verdens samfunn og kulturer. Oslo:Ad Notam/Gyldendal, s. 371-392.
Kalland, A. "Seals, whales and elephants: Totem animals and the anti-use campaigns". In Proceedings 'Responsible Wildlife Resource Management: Balancing Biological, Economic, Cultural and Moral Consideration. Brussels: European Bureau of Conservation and Development, s. 31-44.
Kalland, A. "Miljøkamp på symboler: Superhvalen og andre myte". In Global økologi , (2):9-13.
Kalland, A. Commercial vs. subsistence, aboriginal vs. non-aboriginal, and the concept of sustainable development in the context of the Japanese coastal fisheries management. Cambridge: International Whaling Commission (IWC/46/SETS 1).
Kalland, A. "Review of Winston Davis: Japanese Religion and Society. Paradigms of Structure and Change". In The Journal of Japanese Studies , 20:190-194.
Kalland, A. "Review of Roger Goodman and Kirsten Refsing (eds.): Ideology and Practice in Modern Japan". In Acta Orientalia , 55:328-333.
Krohn-Hansen, Chr. "The Anthropology og Violent Interaction". In Journal of Anthropological Research , 50 (3).
Krohn-Hansen, Chr. "Komparativ etikk, universalisme vs. relativisme". In Etiske problemstillinger innen miljø og utvikling. Rapport fra seminar 22.03.94, Området for miljø og utvikling/NFR i samarbeid med SUM, Universitetet i Oslo, s. 38-44.
Masst, M. Commodity Boom and Differential access to productive resources in Zimbabwe Project Paper no. 1. International Development Studies, Roskilde University Centre.
Masst, M., Eriksen G.T., & J. Helle-Valle (eds.). State and Locality. Proceedings of the NFU Annual Conference 1993. University of Oslo.
Masst, M. Exploring differentiation among the Zimbabwean peasantry. Centre for Applied Social Sciences, University of Zimbabwe.
Nordhaug, K. "Teorier om den østatiatiske utviklingsstaten". In Den Nye verden , (4):23-30.
Nyhuus, S. "Bynaturen som grunnlag for opplevelse av biologisk mangfold". In Byggekunst (6).
Nyhuus, S & Thorén, A K. "Densification while preserving quality - a green structure project". In Sustainable urban development: research and experiments. Proceedings of a PRO/ECE -workshop/Pordrecht. November 1993.
Næss, A. "The Norwegian Roots of Deep Ecology". In Nature is the true home of Culture. Næss, A. Ecosofia: Ecologia, societŕ e stili di vita. Roma: Edizioni.
Næss, A. "Ad Lillehammer". In FOR - UT Budstikka , 3.
Næss, A. "The Heart of the Forest". In International Journal of Ecoforestry , 10 (1)
Næss, A. "Berget i Fokus". I Bergsport , 82.
Næss, A. "Friluftslivet i våre tanker". In Mestre Fjellet, March , s.19-21.
Næss, A. "Vindkast fra Vidda: hvordan praktisere possibilism". In Flux , 4.
Næss, A. "Om bærekraftig utvikling". In Kompendium 1994, Studenter mot EU .
Næss, A. "Harald Ofstads Hovedverk". In Aftenposten 17.10.94.
Næss, A. Gandhis Politiske Etikk . Oslo: Pax Forlag.
Næss, A. "Kulturelt mangfold trenger vern". In Rapport fra konferansen Norske Kunstnere og den Europeiske Union, Norges Kunstnerråd, EU-Utvalget , Oslo november 94, s. 7-13.
Næss, A. "Helhetssyn, grønne kulturer og den økologiske krisen". In Tidsskriftet Alternativ Framtid , (4):67-78.
Næss, A. "Helhetssynet Arild Haaland". In Bruktanker: festskrift til Arild Haalands 75 årsdag. I Utaker, A. & O. Bostrøm (eds.). Bergen: Eide Forlag.
Ruud, A. "Can Transnational Aluminium Producers Be Ecologically Sustainable? A case study of Jamaicas bauxite/alumina industry". In Business Strategy and the Environment , 3(2).
Rye, S. "Holdninger til vern av vilt i Afrika". In Stenseth, N.C., Paulsen, K. & R. Karlsen (eds.). Afrika - natur, samfunn og bistand. Oslo:Ad Notam Gyldendal, s. 339-341.
Stølen, K. A. "Gender, Culture and Social Change in Latin America: A Nordic Perspective". In Ibero Americana - Nordic Journal of Latin American Studies, XXIV (2).
Stølen, KA. "Latin America". In Howell, S. & M. Melhuus (eds.). Fjern og nær: Sosialantropologiske perspektiver på verdens samfunn og kulturer. Oslo: Ad Notam, Gyldendal, w/ Eduardo Archetti.
Svarstad, H. "National Sovereignty and genetic Resources". In Calestous, J. & V. Sánchez (eds.). Biodiplomacy. Genetic Resources and International Relations. Nairobi: ACTS Press.
Thorén, A.K.H, Nyhuus, S & Jonassen, H. Vurdering av grøntstruktur og landskap på Vålerenga. Etat for eiendom og utbygging & plan- og bygningsetaten, Oslo Kommune.
Thorén, F & Nyhuus, S. "Planlegging av grønnstruktur i byer og tettsteder". In Håndbok Nr.6 Direktorat for naturforvaltning, Trondheim.
Veiberg, R. The Energy Crisis in the Meeting Point between Environment and Development. Essay til Dr. polit graden ved Universitetet i Oslo.
Witoszek, N:"Natursymbolikk i byen" in the series "Min tur", NRK, march -94.
Hansen, M & Ruud, A: "Global Corporate Environmental Management. A Portayal of Corporate Environmental Management in Transnational Corporations based on a World-Wide survey of TNC management practices and case studies of aluminium producers". Paper presented at the Greening of Industry network´s third international researchconference in Copenhagen.
Hesselberg, J. "Urban Poverty and shelter. With some experiences from Bombay, Jakarta and Mexico City". Paper presented at the CROP/IIED Workshop on Urban Poverty, October 7-9, Bergen.
Hveem, H: "Regionalism". Project meeting, UN University / WIDER programme on "The new Regionalism" in international affairs. Berlin August 1994.
Hveem,B & Diallo,D: "The Utilisation of Wild Cereals by Nomadic Tuaregs in Gourma, West Sahel.". IV International Congress of Ethnobiology, November 1994, Lucknow, India.
Diallo,D, Hveem,B & Berge G: "A Contribution to the Study of Traditional Medicine in the Sahel: Plants used for healing in the Malian Gourma". IV International Congress of Ethnobiology, November 1994, Lucknow, India.
Kalland, A: "Marine Mammals in the Culture of Coastal Communities". Contribution at The International Symposium on the Biology of Marine Mammals in the Northeast Atlantic, Tromsø 29.11 - 1.12. (invited "key speaker")
Kalland A: "Indigenous Knowledge - Local Knowledge. Prospects and Limitations". Contribution at the AEPS Seminar on Integration of Indigenous Peoples Knowledge, Reykjavik September 20-23 (invited "key speaker").
Kalland, A: "Years of Transition in Coastal Japanese Fisheries". Contribution at the 11th International Economic History Congress, Milano September 12-17.
Kalland, A: "Geomancy and Japanese Houses". Contribution at the 7th International Conference of the European Association of Japanese Studies, Copenhagen August 22-26.
Kalland, A: Introduction in the panel "The nature of the anthropological endeavour in situations of heightened public concern", 3rd Conference of the European Association of Social Anthropology, Oslo June 24-27 (invited).
Kalland, A: "Marine Management in Coastal Japan". Contribution at the EC/AIR Programme Workshop An Agenda for Social Science in Fisheries Management. Brussels May 5-6 (invited "key speaker").
McNeill, D: "The moral dilemmas of sustainable development". Paper presented at a one-day seminar in Oslo on "Medical Ethics, Research and Developing Countries", organised by the Norwegian Oxford Committee in collaboration with the Centre for Medical Ethics.
McNeill, D: "Whose Lifestyle is it Anyway? some alternative approaches to the study of consumption" Paper presented at a two-day international conference on "City cultures, lifestyles and consumption practices" at the Faculty of Economics, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
Nyhuus, S: "Urban ecology". Invited key speaker at the annual meeting for landscape architects, Stavanger. February 4.
Nyhuus, S. & Thorén A.K: "Densification - a problem in planning for green areas". Paper presented on a nordic workshop in Esbo, finland. February 17-18.
Nyhuus, S: "Urban ecology in the built-up area. Guide and speaker for vistitng group from The Economic Commision of Europe. Oslo. June 24.
Nyhuus, S: "Crime and ecology - any connections? Invited key speaker to a conference for "lensmannsetaten", Oslo. December 13.
Stølen, K.A:"Gender, Imagery and Practice across Class and Ethic Boundaries", 48th Congress of Americanists, Stocholm/Uppsala July 4-9.
Veiberg, R: "Environment, Bioenergy and Politics in Norway". Essay and lecture at the World Conference in Biomass to Energy, Development and Environment. European solar Energy Assosiation, FAO, UNESCO, OLADE, AEBION, SESI, FEF og Academia de Ciencias de Cuba.