1: STS: Introduction

Om Tik	Studier	Forskning	Arkiv	Interne sider
Ansatte	Doktorgrad	Fagfelt	Styreprotokoller
Åpningstider	ESST	Prosjekter	Årsrapporter
Ledige stillinger	Prosjektforum	Kompetanse	Gammelt nytt
Vedtekter	Hovedfag	Publikasjoner
Institusjons-cv		Seminarer		Go to "Studies"

Phd-guiden

Science, Technology and Society

April 28 – May 2. 2003

Tutors:
John Law and Vicky Singleton

Objectives

This course offers an introduction to the discipline of Science, Technology and Society, and in particular to

· the major theoretical approaches for understanding and explaining scientific knowledge and technological change;

· the implications of these approaches for the analysis, including the political analysis, of science and technology

· the implications of these approaches for the status of explanation, and the character of explanations appropriate to the social analysis of science and technology.

Week-by-Week Syllabus

1: STS: Introduction

An introduction to development of STS - from philosophy of science and sociology of knowledge, through sociology of science to sociology of scientific knowledge. Developments from a study of error to a sociology of truth by way of an introduction to social constructivism, the public understanding of science, and reflexivity. Changes in empirical foci - entering and exiting the laboratory. Introducing issues around politics and STS.

Key texts:

· Langdon Winner (1985,1999) 'Do Artifacts Have Politics?', pp28-40 in Donald Mackenzie and Judy Wajcman (eds), The Social Shaping of Technology, 2nd Edition, Buckingham and Philadelphia: Open University Press

· Jim Johnson (aka Bruno Latour) (1988), 'Mixing Humans and Non-Humans Together: the Sociology of a Door-Closer', Social Problems, 35: 298-310.

2: Enculturation, or Science as Culture

The sociology of scientific knowledge starts from the assumption that science can be understood as culture. Here we will explore this insight, consider its relation to tacit knowledge, and reflect on some of the epistemological implications of the claim

Key text:

· Collins, H. M. (1975), 'The Seven Sexes: a Study in the Sociology of a Phenomenon, or the Replication of Experiments in Physics', Sociology, 9: 205-224.

Additional reading:

· H. M. Collins (1981), 'Son of Seven Sexes: the Social Destruction of a Physical Phenomenon’, Social Studies of Science, 11: 33-62.

· H. M. Collins. (1974), 'The TEA Set: Tacit Knowledge and Scientific Networks', Science Studies, 4: 165-185.

· Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Chicago: Chicago University Press

3: Knowledge Shaping and Social Interests

What is it that shapes knowledge? One likely candidate is: social interests. In this section of the course we look at the SSK understanding of the operation of social interests and other forms of social influence

Key texts:

· Donald MacKenzie (1999), 'Nuclear Missile Testing and the Social Construction of Accuracy, pages 342-357 in Mario Biagioli (ed.), The Science Studies Reader, New York and London: Routledge.

· Mary Douglas: reading to be arranged.

Additional Reading:

· David Bloor (1976), Knowledge and Social Imagery, London: Routledge, Chapter 1, pages 1-19.

· Barry Barnes (1977), Interests and the Growth of Knowledge, London: Routledge, Chapter 1, pages 1-26.

· Cynthia Cockburn (1999), ‘The Material of Male Power’, pages 177-198 in Donald MacKenzie and Judy Wajcman (eds), The Social Shaping of Technology, Second Edition, Buckingham and Philadelphia, Open University Press.

4: Modest witness: the Gendering and Classing of Science

Is the division between 'truth' and politics' complete? Should it be complete? There are long, for instance Marxist that says that knowledge is intimately related to class, and analogous positions within feminism. In this section of the course we tackle the issue by historically considering the social construction of scientific experiment in the seventeenth century. It was at this moment that many of the 'modernist' assumptions about scientific truth - that it is properly separated and separable from power, were established. If this is the case, then there is nothing natural about this division of labour. And it also, or so it is argued, implies power and gender divisions which we are still seeking to come to terms with, or und, 350 years on.

Key Texts:

· Shapin, Steven (1984), 'Pump and Circumstance: Robert Boyle's Literary Technology', Social Studies of Science, 14: 481-520.

· Haraway, Donna J. (1996), 'Modest Witness: Feminist Diffractions in Science Studies', pages 428-441 in Peter Galison and David. J. Stamp (eds), The Disunity of the Sciences: Boundaries, Contexts, and Power, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.

Additional Reading:

· Haraway, Donna (1997), Modest Witness @ Second Millennium: femaleMan meets Oncomouse: Feminism and Technology, New York, Routledge.

5: Building Knowledge, Building Reality: Discourse, ANT, and the
Dissolution of the Social

Haraway's analysis in modest witness is power-sensitive in its work as it undoes the 'modern division of labour'. Politics, truth, these are indissolubly linked. Similar dissolutions are to be found in other 'semiotic' versions of STS and social theory. Here we will characterise and consider the epistemological and ontological implications of actor-network theory and its proposal to dissolve all essentialist distinctions, including the division between human and non human.

Key texts:

· Michel Callon (1999), 'Some Elements of a Sociology of Translation: Domestication of the Scallops and the Fishermen of Saint Brieuc Bay,' pages 67-83 in Mario Biagioli (ed.), The Science Studies Reader, New York and London: Routledge.

· Bruno Latour (1983), ‘Give Me a Laboratory and I will Raise the World’, pages 141-170 in Karin D. Knorr-Cetina and Michael J. Mulkay (eds), Science Observed, Beverly Hills: Sage.

· John Law (1992), 'Notes on the Theory of the Actor-Network: Ordering, Strategy and Heterogeneity,' Systems Practice 5 179-393. Available online at http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/sociology/soc054jl.html

Additional Reading:

· Bruno Latour (1999), Pandora’s Hope, Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press

· John Law (1997), ‘Traduction-Trahison: Notes on ANT’, http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/sociology/stslaw2.html

6: Narratives and Sociotechnical Relations: Cultural Studies of Science and Technology

If scientific knowledges carry agendas about the social, the natural, and the technical, then what is the character of those agendas? What are the narratives that they carry? How do they work to make certain realities, while effacing other possibilities? How do they work in a manner that is dominatory? This is one of the major concerns of cultural studies of science and technology. Here we consider, especially, the gendering of techno-scientific narrative.

Key texts:

· Cohn, Carol (1987), 'Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals', Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 12: 687-718.

· Emily Martin (1990), 'Science and Women's Bodies: Forms of Anthropological Knowledge', pp 69-82 in Mary Jacobus, Evelyn Fox Keller and Sally Shuttleworth (eds) Body/Politics: Women and the Discourses of Science, New York and London: Routledge.

Additional Reading:

· Donna Haraway (1992), ‘Teddy Bear Patriarchy’, pages 26-58 in Primate Visions: Gender, Race and Nature in the World of Modern Science, London: Verso.

· John Law (2002), ‘Aesthetics’, pages 115-142 in John Law, Aircraft Stories: Decentering the Object in Technoscience, Durham NCa. and London: Duke University Press

7: Situated knowledges and Cyborg Visions: knowing as Partial Connection

But how to think about this? The old model said that there is a world, and that it is the job of science to build a picture of the world. Implied, then, is

· the detachment of the knower from that world, some kind of 'god's eye view'.

· And also a capacity to integrate all the knowledge of the world, to see it all in a single picture.

But if knowledge and the world are produced together, and they have political implications, then neither of these assumptions seems sustainable. Donna Haraway offers a particularly powerful feminist-inspired vision of what a 'successor project' to science might look like -a cyborg vision of partial connections rather than totalisations.

Key Texts:

· Donna Haraway (1999), 'Situated Knowledges: the Science Question in
Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective,' pages 172-188 in
Mario Biagioli (ed.), The Science Studies Reader, New York and London: Routledge. Online at: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/rt21/concepts/HARAWAY.html

· Vicky Singleton (1996), 'Feminism, Sociology of Scientific Knowledge and Postmodernism: Politics, Theory and Me', Social Studies of Science 23 (2) 227-264

Additional Reading:

· Donna Haraway, 'A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology and Socialist Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century', pages 149-181 in Donna Haraway (ed.), Simians, Cyborgs and Women: the Reinvention of Nature, London: Free Association Books, 1991. Available online at http://www.stanford.edu/dept/HPS/Haraway/CyborgManifesto.html

· Sandra Harding (1986), The Science Question in Feminism, Buckingham, Open University Press, Chapter 6, pages 136-164.

· Frederic Jameson (1991), Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, London: Verso, Chapter 4, pages 97-129

· Bruno Latour (1990), ‘Drawing Things Together’, pages 19-68 in Michael Lynch and Steve Woolgar (eds), Representation in Scientific Practice, Cambridge Mass.: MIT Press.

· John Law (1998), ‘On Knowing in Tension’, pages 88-108 in Robert Chia (ed.), Into the Realm of Organization,

8: Post-Colonial Science and Technology Studies: Ontological Softening

Here we consider questions about the character of knowledge systems, linking science to other systems of belief. The distinctions between the two are not very straightforward – except in so far (important exception) Western technoscience is usually dominant and caught up in asymmetrical power relations. In our reading for this class we explore the relations between different science and non-scientific knowledge traditions, and use this in part as a way of examining some of the assumptions that help to frame (and perhaps to distinguish) technoscience:

Key texts:

· Helen Watson-Verran and David Turnbull (1995), 'Science and Other Indigenous Knowledge Systems', pp 115-139 in Sheila Jasanoff et.al. (eds), Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, Thousand Oaks, Cal: Sage.

· Helen Verran (1998), ''Re-Imagining Land Ownership in Australia', Postcolonial Studies, 1: 237-254.

Additional Reading:

· John Law (2002), The Method Assemblage, Chap 7

9 Mutable Mobiles and Fluids: Ontological Fluidity

Looking at the nature of objects. Considering them as immutable structures produced in networks. And then their understanding as mutable mobiles, conceptualised as fluid structures which change shape - and do not necessarily achieve their solidity in relation to a single (or any?) centre.

Key Texts:

· Marianne de Laet and Annemarie Mol (2000), 'The Zimbabwe Bush Pump: Mechanics of a Fluid Technology,' Social Studies of Science, 30: 225-263.

· Law, John, and Vicky Singleton (2000), 'Allegory and Its Others', http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/sociology/soc051jl.html.

Additional Reading:

· John Law (1994), Organizing Modernity, Oxford: Blackwell, Chapters 3 and 4

· John Law and Annemarie Mol (2001), ‘Situating Technoscience: an Inquiry into Spatialities’, Society and Space, 19: 609-621.

· John Law (2002), The Method Assemblage, Chapter 4.

· Annemarie Mol and John Law (1994), ‘Regions, Networks and Fluids: Anaemia and Social Topology’, Social Studies of Science, 24, 641-671.

10: Conclusion

We use the final week of the course to revisit issues of particular importance that have arisen during earlier weeks. Reading will be determined after discussion.

General Bibliography

Sources

Mario Biagioli (ed.) (1999), The Science Studies Reader, New York and London: Routledge.

Wiebe Bijker, Thomas Hughes and Trevor Pinch (eds) (1987), The Social Construction of Technology, Cambridge, Mass, MIT Press

Donna Haraway (ed.) (1991), Simians, Cyborgs and Women: the Reinvention of Nature, London: Free Association Books.

Donna Haraway (1997), Modest Witness @ Second Millennium: femaleMan meets Oncomouse: Feminism and Technology, New York, Routledge.

Mary Jacobus, Evelyn Fox Keller and Sally Shuttleworth (eds) (1990), Body/Politics: Women and the Discourses of Science, New York and London: Routledge.

Sheila Jasanoff et.al. (eds) (1995), Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, Thousand Oaks, Cal: Sage.

Bruno Latour (1987), Science in Action, Milton Keynes, Open University Press.

Latour, Bruno (1998), Pandora's Hope: Essays on the Reality of Science Studies, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

John Law (1994), Organizing Modernity, Oxford, Blackwell.

John Law and John Hassard (eds) (1999), Actor-Network Theory and After, London, Routledge.

Donald MacKenzie and Judy Wajcman (eds) (1999), The Social Shaping of Technology, 2^nd Edition, Buckingham, Philadelphia: Open University Press.

Full Bibliography

Akrich, Madeleine (1992), 'The De-Scription of Technical Objects', pages 205-224 in Wiebe Bijker and John Law (eds), Shaping Technology, Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

Akrich, Madeleine, and Bruno Latour (1992), 'A Summary of a Convenient Vocabulary for the Semiotics of Human and Nonhuman Assemblies', pages 259-264 in Wiebe Bijker and John Law (eds), Shaping Technology, Building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

Ashford, Janet Isaacs (1998), 'Natural Love', pages 90-102 in Robbie Davis-Floyd and Joseph Dumit (eds), Cyborg Babies: From Techno-Sex to Techno-Tots, New York and London: Routledge.

Ashmore, Malcolm (1989), The Reflexive Thesis, Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Ashmore, Malcolm (1993), 'Behaviour Modification of a Catflap: a contribution to the Sociology of Things', Kennis en Methode, 17: 214-229.

Ashmore, Malcolm, Michael J. Mulkay, and Trevor J. Pinch (1989), Health and Efficiency: a Sociology of Health Care Economics, Milton Keynes: Open University Press.

Barnes, Barry (1977), Interests and the Growth of Knowledge, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Barnes, Barry (1982), T.S.Kuhn and Social Science, London: Macmillan.

Barnes, Barry, and Donald MacKenzie (1979), 'On the Role of Interests in Scientific Change', pages 49-66 in Roy Wallis (ed.),On the Margins of Science: the Social Construction of Rejected Knowledge, 27,Keele: Sociological Review Monograph.

Barnes, Barry, and Steven Shapin (eds) (1979), Natural Order: Historical Studes of Scientific Culture, London and Beverly Hills: Sage.

Benedikt, Michael (ed.) (1991), Cyberspace: First Steps, Cambridge Mass: MIT Press.

Biagioli, Mario (ed.) (1999), The Science Studies Reader, New York and London: Routledge.

Bijker, Wiebe , Thomas Hughes and Trevor Pinch (eds) (1987), The Social Construction of Technology, Cambridge, Mass, MIT Press

Bloor, David (1976),Knowledge and Social Imagery, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Braidotti, Rosi (1993), 'Embodiment, Sexual Difference, and the Nomadic Subject', Hypatia, 8: 1-13.

Braidotti, Rosi (1994), Nomadic Subjects: Embodiment and Sexual Difference in Contemporary Feminist Theory, Gender and Culture, New York: Columbia University Press.

Brenna, Brita, John Law, and Ingunn Moser (eds) (1998), Machines, Agency and Desire, TMV Report Series. Oslo: University of Oslo.

Butler, Judith (1993), Bodies that Matter: on the Discursive Limits of "Sex", New York and London: Routledge.

Callon, Michel (1980),'Struggles and Negotiations to define what is Problematic and what is not: the Sociology of Translation', pages 197-219 in Karin D. Knorr, Roger Krohn, and Richard D Whitley (eds), The Social Process of Scientific Investigation: Sociology of the Sciences Yearbook, 4, Dordrecht and Boston, Mass.: Reidel.

Callon, Michel (1986), 'Some Elements of a Sociology of Translation: Domestication of the Scallops and the Fishermen of Saint Brieuc Bay', pages 196-233 in John Law (ed.), Power, Action and Belief: a new Sociology of Knowledge? Sociological Review Monograph, 32, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Reprinted in Biagiolo, Mario (ed.), The Science Studies Reader, New York, Routledge, 1999, pages 66-83.

Callon, Michel (1998), 'An Essay on Framing and Overflowing: Economic Externalities Revisited by Sociology', pages 244-269 in Michel Callon (ed.), The Laws of the Markets, Oxford and Keele: Blackwell and the Sociological Review.

Callon, Michel, and Bruno Latour (1981), 'Unscrewing the Big Leviathan: how actors macrostructure reality and how sociologists help them to do so', pages 277-303 in Karin D. Knorr-Cetina and Aaron V. Cicourel (eds), Advances in Social Theory and Methodology: Toward an Integration of Micro- and Macro-Sociologies, Boston, Mass: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Callon, Michel, and John Law (1995), 'Agency and the Hybrid Collectif', South Atlantic Quarterly, 94: 481-507.

Callon, Michel, and Vololona Rabeharisoa (1999), 'Gino's Lesson on Humanity', Paris: Ecole des Mines de Paris.

Clarke, Adele E., and Virginia L. Olesen (eds) (1999), Revisioning Women, Health, and Healing: Feminist, Cultural, and Technoscience Perspectives, New York and London: Routledge.

Clifford, James (1986), 'Introduction', pages 1-26 in James Clifford and George E. Marcus (eds), Writing Culture: the Poetics and Politics of Ethnography, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press.

Clifford, James, and George E. Marcus (eds) (1986), Writing Culture: the Poetics and Politics of Ethnography, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press.

Clynes, Manfred, and Nathan Kline (1960), 'Cyborgs and Space', Astronautics, 75-76: 26-27, 74-75.

Cockburn, Cynthia (1985), Machinery of Dominance: Women, Men and Technical Know-how, London: Pluto.

Cockburn, Cynthia (1999), 'The Material of Male Power', pages 177-198 in Donald MacKenzie and Judy Wajcman (eds),The Social Shaping of Technology, Buckingham, Philadelphia: Open University Press.

Cockburn, Cynthia, and Ruža Fürst Dilic (eds) (1994), Bringing Technology Home: Gender and Technology in a Changing Europe, Buckingham and Philadelphia: Open University Press.

Collins, H.M. (1974), 'The TEA Set: Tacit Knowledge and Scientific Networks', Science Studies, 4: 165-185.

Collins, H. M. (1975), 'The Seven Sexes: a Study in the Sociology of a Phenomenon, or the Replication of Experiments in Physics', Sociology, 9: 205-224.

Collins, H.M. (1981a), 'The Place of the "Core Set" in Modern Science: Social Contingency with Methodological Propriety in Science', History of Science, 19: 6-19.

Collins, H.M. (1981b), 'Stages in the Empirical Programme of Relativism', Social Studies of Science, 11: 3-10.

Collins, H.M., and Steven Yearley (1992), 'Epistemological Chicken', pages 301-326 in Andrew Pickering (ed.),Science as Practice and Culture, Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Cooke, Miriam, and Angela Woollacott (eds) (1993), Gendering War Talk, Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Cooper, Robert (1992), 'Formal Organization as Representation: Remote Control, Displacement and Abbreviation', pages 254-272 in Mike Reed and M. Hughes (eds), Rethinking Organization, London: Sage.

Cooper, Robert (1993), 'Technologies of Representation', pages 279-312 in Pertti Ahonen (ed.), Tracing the Semiotic Boundaries of Politics, Berlin, : Mouton de Gruyter.

Cussins, Charis (1998a), 'Ontological Choreography: Agency for Women Patients in an Infertility Clinic', pages 166-201 in Marc Berg and Annemarie Mol (eds), Differences in Medicine: Unravelling Practices, Techniques and Bodies, Durham, N.Ca. and London: Duke University Press.

Cussins, Charis M. (1998b), '"Quit Sniveling, Cryo-Baby. We'll Work Out Which One's Your Mama!"', pages 40-66 in Robbie Davis-Floyd and Joseph Dumit (eds), Cyborg Babies: From Techno-Sex to Techno-Tots, New York and London: Routledge. Cockburn, Cynthia (1983), Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change, London: Pluto.

Davis-Floyd, Robbie (1998), 'From Technobirth to Cyborg Babies: Reflections on the Emergent Discourse of a Holistic Anthropologist', pages 255-282 in Robbie Davis-Floyd and Joseph Dumit (eds), Cyborg Babies: From Techno-Sex to Techno-Tots, New York and London: Routledge.

Davis-Floyd, Robbie, and Joseph Dumit (eds) (1998), Cyborg Babies: From Techno-Sex to Techno-Tots, New York and London: Routledge.

de Laet, Marianne, and Annemarie Mol (2000), 'The Zimbabwe Bush Pump: Mechanics of a Fluid Technology', Social Studies of Science, 30: 225-263.

Dorn, Michael L. (1998), 'Beyond Nomadism: the Travel Narratives of a "Cripple"', pages 183-206 in Heidi J. Nast and Steve Pile (eds), Places Through the Body,, London: Routledge.

Downey, Gary L., and Joseph Dumit (eds) (1997), Cyborgs and Citadels: Anthropological Interventions in Emerging Sciences and Technologies, Santa Fe: School of American Research.

Dumit, Joseph (1995), 'Twenty-first-Century PET: Looking for Mind and Morality Through the Eye of Technology', pages 87-128 in George E. Marcus (ed.), Technoscientific Imaginaries: Conversations, Profiles and Memoirs, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Dumit, Joseph, and Robbie Davis-Floyd (1998), 'Cyborg Babies: Children of the Third Millennium', pages 1-18 in Robbie Davis-Floyd and Joseph Dumit (eds), Cyborg Babies: From Techno-Sex to Techno-Tots, New York and London: Routledge.

Dumit, Joseph, and Sylvia Sensiper (1998), 'Living with the "Truths" of DES: Toward an Anthropology of Facts', pages 212-239 in Robbie Davis-Floyd and Joseph Dumit (eds), Cyborg Babies: From Techno-Sex to Techno-Tots, New York and London: Routledge.

Featherstone, Mike, and Roger Burrows (eds) (1996), Cyberspace/cyberbodies/cyberpunk, London: Sage.

Fischer, Michael M. J. (1995), 'Eye(I)ing the Sciences and Their Signifiers (Language, Tropes, Autobiographers): InterViewing for a Cultural Studies of Science and Technology', pages 42-84 in George E. Marcus (ed.), Technoscientific Imaginaries: Conversations, Profiles and Memoirs, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Foucault, Michel (1979), Discipline and Punish: the Birth of the Prison, Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Gibson, William (1984), Neuromancer, London: Harper Collins.

Gomart, Emilie, and Antoine Hennion (1999), 'A Sociology of Attachment: Music Amateurs and Drug Addicts', pages 220-247 in John Law and John Hassard (eds), Actor Network Theory and After, Oxford.: Blackwell and the Sociological Review.

Goodfield, June (1981), An Imagined World: a Story of Scientific Discovery, London, Sydney, Melbourne, Auckland, Johannesburg: Hutchison.

Gray, Chris Hables (ed.) (1995), The Cyborg Handbook, New York and London: Routledge.

Grint, Keith, and Rosalind Gill (eds) (1995), The Gender-Technology Relation, London and Bristol, PA: Taylor and Francis.

Grossberg, Lawrence, Cary Nelson, and Paul Treichler (eds) (1992), Cultural Studies, New York and London: Routledge.

Gusterson, Hugh (1991), 'Nuclear War, the Gulf War and the Disappearing Body', Journal of Urban and Cultural Studies, 45-55.

Gusterson, Hugh (1995a), 'Becoming a Weapons Scientist', pages 255-274 in George E. Marcus (ed.), Technoscientific Imaginaries: Conversations, Profiles and Memoirs, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Gusterson, Hugh (1995b), 'Short Circuit: Watching Television with a Nuclear Weapons Scientist', pages 107-117 in Chris Hables Gray (ed.), The Cyborg Handbook, New York and London: Routledge.

Gusterson, Hugh (1998), Nuclear Rites: a Weapons Laboratory at the End of the Cold War, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: California University Press.

Hacker, Sally L. (1989), Pleasure, Power and Technology: Some Tales of Gender, Engineering and the Cooperative Workplace, Boston, London, Sydney, Wellington: Unwin Hyman.

Hacker, Sally L. (1990), "Doing It the hard Way": Investigations of Gender and Technology, Boston, London, Sydney, Wellington: Unwin Hyman.

Haraway, Donna (1989), Primate Visions: Gender, Race and Nature in the World of Modern Science, London: Routledge and Chapman Hall.

Haraway, Donna (ed.) (1991), Simians, Cyborgs and Women: the Reinvention of Nature, London: Free Association Books.

Haraway, Donna (1991), 'The Biopolitics of Postmodern Bodies: Constitutions of Self in Immune System Discourse', pages 203-230 in Donna Haraway (ed.), Simians, Cyborgs and Women: the Reinvention of Nature, London: Free Association Books.

Haraway, Donna (1991a), 'A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology and Socialist Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century', pages 149-181 in Donna Haraway (ed.), Simians, Cyborgs and Women: the Reinvention of Nature, London: Free Association Books.
Also available at www.stanford.edu/dept/HPS/Haraway/CyborgManifesto.html

Haraway, Donna (1992), 'The Promises of Monsters: a Regenerative Politics for Inappropriate/d Others', pages 295-337 in Lawrence Grossberg, Cary Nelson, and Paul Treichler (eds), Cultural Studies, New York and London: Routledge.

Haraway, Donna (1994), 'A Game of Cats Cradle: Science Studies, Feminist Theory, Cultural Studies', Configurations, 1: 59-71.

Haraway, Donna J. (1996), 'Modest Witness: Feminist Diffractions in Science Studies', pages 428-441 in Peter Galison and David. J. Stamp (eds), The Disunity of the Sciences: Boundaries, Contexts, and Power, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.

Haraway, Donna (1997), Modest Witness @ Second Millennium: femaleMan meets Oncomouse: Feminism and Technology, New York, Routledge.

Donna Haraway (1999), ‘Situated Knowledges: the Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective,’ pages 172-188 in Mario Biagioli (ed.), The Science Studies Reader, New York and London: Routledge.
Online at: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/rt21/concepts/HARAWAY.html also in pages 183-201 in Donna Haraway (ed.), Simians, Cyborgs and Women: the Reinvention of Nature, London: Free Association Books.

Harding, Sandra (1986), The Science Question in Feminism, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Hartsock, Nancy (1985), Money, Sex and Power: Toward a Feminist Historical Materialism, Boston: Northeastern University Press.

Harvey, David (1989), The Condition of Postmodernity: an Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change, Oxford: Blackwell.

Hayles, N. Katherine (1990), Chaos Bound: Orderly Disorder in Contemporary Literature and Science, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Hayles, N. Katherine (ed.) (1991), Chaos and Order: Complex Dynamics in Literature and Science, Chicago and London: Chicago University Press.

Hayles, N. Katherine (1999), How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature and Informatics, Chicago and London: Chicago University Press.

Hetherington, Kevin, and John Law (1998), 'Allegory and Interference: Representation in Sociology', http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/sociology/reskhjl1.html.

Hirschauer, Stefan, and Annemarie Mol (1995), 'Shifting Sexes, Moving Stories: Feminist/Constructivist Dialogues', Science, Technology and Human Values, 20: 368-385.

Hutchins, Edwin (1995), Cognition in the Wild, Cambridge, Mass., and London, England: MIT Press.

Jacobus, Mary , Evelyn Fox Keller and Sally Shuttleworth (eds) (1990), Body/Politics: Women and the Discourses of Science, New York and London: Routledge.

Jameson, Frederic (1991), Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, London: Verso.

Jasanoff, Sheila et.al. (eds) (1995), Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, Thousand Oaks, Cal: Sage.

Jim Johnson (aka Bruno Latour) (1988), 'Mixing Humans and Non-Humans Together: the Sociology of a Door-Closer', Social Problems, 35: 298-310

Jordanova, Ludmilla J (1980), 'Natural Facts: a Historical Perspective on Science and Sexuality', pages 42-69 in Carol MacCormack and Marilyn Strathern (eds),Nature, Culture and Gender, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Keller, Evelyn Fox (1985), Reflections on Gender and Science, New Haven and London: Yale.

Kirkup, Gille t.al. (eds) (1999), The Gendered Cyborg, London: Taylor and Francis.

Knorr Cetina, Karin D. (1991), 'Epistemic Cultures: Forms of Reason in Science', History of Political Economy, 23: 105-122.

Knorr Cetina, Karin D. (1992), 'The Couch, the Cathedral and the Laboratory: On the Relationship between Experiment and Laboratory in Science', pages 113-138 in Andrew Pickering (ed.), Science as Practice and Culture, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.

Knorr Cetina, Karin D. (1996), 'The Care of the Self and Blind Variation: an Ethnography of the Empirical in Two Sciences', pages 287-310 in Peter Galison and D. Stamp (eds), The Disunity of Science Boundaries, Contexts and Power, Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Knorr Cetina, Karin D. (1999), Epistemic Cultures: How the Sciences Make Knowledge, Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press.

Latour, Bruno (1983), 'Give Me a Laboratory and I will Raise the World', in Karin D. Knorr-Cetina and Michael J. Mulkay (eds), Science Observed, Beverly Hills: Sage.

Latour, Bruno (1988), The Pasteurization of France, Cambridge Mass.: Harvard.

Latour, Bruno (1988), 'The Politics of Explanation: an Alternative', pages 155-176 in Steve Woolgar (ed.), Knowledge and Reflexivity: New Frontiers in the Sociology of Knowledge, London: Sage.

Latour, Bruno (1990), 'Drawing Things Together', pages 19-68 in Michael Lynch and Steve Woolgar (eds), Representation in Scientific Practice, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

Latour, Bruno (1987), Science in Action, Milton Keynes, Open University Press.

Latour, Bruno (1993), We Have Never Been Modern, Brighton: Harvester Wheatsheaf.

Latour, Bruno (1998), Pandora's Hope: Essays on the Reality of Science Studies, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Latour, Bruno (1999b), 'On Recalling ANT', pages 15-25 in John Law and John Hassard (eds), Actor Network and After, Oxford.: Blackwell and the Sociological Review. Also available at http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/sociology/stslatour1.html

Latour, Bruno, and Steve Woolgar (1979), Laboratory Life: the Social Construction of Scientific Facts, Beverly Hills and London: Sage.

Law, John (1986), 'On the Methods of Long Distance Control: Vessels, Navigation and the Portuguese Route to India', pages 234-263 in John Law (ed.), Power, Action and Belief: a new Sociology of Knowledge? Sociological Review Monograph, 32, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Also available at http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/sociology/soc077jl.html

Law, John (1992), ‘Notes on the Theory of the Actor-Network: Ordering, Strategy and Heterogeneity,’ Systems Practice 5 179-393.
Available online at http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/sociology/soc054jl.html

Law, John (1994), Organizing Modernity, Oxford, Blackwell.

Law, John (1997), 'Traduction, Trahison', http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/sociology/stslaw2.html

Law, John (1998), 'After Metanarrative: on Knowing in Tension', pages 88-108 in Robert Chia (ed.), Into the Realm of Organisation: Essays for Robert Cooper, London: Routledge.

Law, John (1999), 'After ANT: Topology, Naming and Complexity', pages 1-14 in John Law and John Hassard (eds), Actor Network Theory and After, Oxford and Keele: Blackwell and the Sociological Review.

Law, John (1991), 'Power, Discretion and Strategy', pages 165-191 in John Law (ed.), A Sociology of Monsters? Essays on Power, Technology and Domination, Sociological Review Monograph, 38, London: Routledge.

Law, John (2000), 'On the Subject of the Object: Narrative, Technology and Interpellation', Configurations, 8: 1-29.

Law, John (2000b), 'Transitivities', Society and Space, 18: 133-148.

Law, John (2002), Aircraft Stories: Decentering the Object in Technoscience, Durham, N.Ca.: Duke University Press.

Law, John, and Ruth Benschop (1997), 'Resisting Pictures: Representation, Distribution and Ontological Politics', pages 158-182 in Kevin Hetherington and Rolland Munro (eds), Ideas of Difference: Social Spaces and the Labour of Division, Sociological Review Monograph, Oxford: Blackwell.

Law, John and John Hassard (eds) (1999), Actor-Network Theory and After, London, Routledge.

Law, John, and Kevin Hetherington (2000), 'Materialities, Spatialities, Globalities', in John Bryson, Peter Daniels, Nick Henry, and Jane Pollard (eds), pages 34-49 in Knowledge, Space, Economy, London: Routledge.

Law, John, and Annemarie Mol (1998a), 'On Metrics and Fluids: Notes on Otherness', pages 20-38 in Robert Chia (ed.), Organised Worlds: Explorations in Technology, Organisation and Modernity, London: Routledge.

Law, John, and Annemarie Mol (2000), 'Situating Technoscience: an Inquiry into Spatialities', Society and Space, 19: 609-621.
Also available at http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/sociology/soc052jl.html

Law, John, and Annemarie Mol (2002), Complexities: Social Studies of Knowledge Practices, Durham, N. Ca.: Duke University Press.

Law, John, and Ingunn Moser (1999), 'Managing, Subjectivities and Desires', Concepts and Transformation, 4: 249-279. Also available at http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/sociology/soc019jl.html

Law, John, and Ingunn Moser (2001), 'Cyborg', page forthcoming in Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes (eds), International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, Oxford: Elsevier Science.

Law, John, and Vicky Singleton (2000), 'Allegory and Its Others', http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/sociology/soc051jl.html.

Levidov, Les, and Kevin Robins (eds) (1989), Cyborg Worlds: the Military Information Society, London: Free Association Books.

Lie, Merete, and Knut H. Sörensen (eds) (1996), Making Technology Our Own? Domesticating Technology into Everyday Life, Oslo, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Oxford, Boston: Scandinavian University Press.

Lock, Margaret (1993), Encounters with Aging: Mythologies of Menopause in Japan and North America, Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press.

Lury, Celia (1998), Prosthetic Culture: Photography, Memory and Identity, London and New York: Routledge.

Lykke, Nina, and Rosi Braidotti (eds) (1996), Between Monsters, Goddesses and Cyborgs: Feminist Confrontations with Science, Medicine and Cyberspace, London and New Jersey: Zed Books.

Lynch, Michael, and Steve Woolgar (eds) (1990), Representation in Scientific Practice, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

M'charek, Amâde (2000), 'Technologies of Population: Forensic DNA Testing Practices and the Making of Differences and Similarities', Configurations, 8: 121-158.

MacCormack, Carol, and Marilyn Strathern (eds) (1980), Nature, Culture and Gender, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

MacKenzie, Donald (1990), Inventing Accuracy: a Historical Sociology of Nuclear Guidance, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press

MacKenzie, Donald, and Graham Spinardi (1988), 'The Shaping of Nuclear Weapon System Technology' ,Social Studies of Science, 18: 419-463, 581-624.

MacKenzie, Donald and Judy Wajcman (eds) (1999), The Social Shaping of Technology, 2^nd Edition, Buckingham, Philadelphia: Open University Press.
Missile Guidance, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.

Marcus, George E. (ed.) (1995), Technoscientific Imaginaries: Conversations, Profiles and Memoirs, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Martin, Emily (1989), The Woman in the Body: a Cultural Analysis of Reproduction, Milton Keynes: Open University Press.

Martin, Emily (1990), 'Science and Women's Bodies: Forms of Anthropological Knowledge', in Mary Jacobus, Evelyn Fox Keller, and Sally Shuttleworth (eds), Body/Politics: Women and the Discourses of Science, New York and London: Routledge.

Martin, Emily (1994), Flexible Bodies, Boston: Beacon Press.

Martin, Emily (1998), 'The Fetus as Intruder: Mother's Bodies and Medical Metaphors', pages 125-142 in Robbie Davis-Floyd and Joseph Dumit (eds), Cyborg Babies: From Techno-Sex to Techno-Tots, New York and London: Routledge.

Mentor, Steven (1998), 'Witches, Nurses, Midwives and Cyborgs: IVF, ART, and Complex Agency in the World of Technobirth', pages 67-89 in Robbie Davis-Floyd and Joseph Dumit (eds), Cyborg Babies: From Techno-Sex to Techno-Tots, New York and London: Routledge.

Mol, Annemarie (1991), 'Wombs, Pigmentation and Pyramids: Should Anti- Racists and Feminists Try to Confine Biology To Its Proper Place?', pages 149-163 in Joke J. Hermsen and Alkeline van Lenning (eds), Sharing the Difference: Feminist Debates in Holland, London and New York: Routledge.

Mol, Annemarie (1998), 'Missing Links, Making Links: the Performance of Some Atheroscleroses', pages 144-165 in Annemarie Mol and Marc Berg (eds), Differences in Medicine: Unravelling Practices, Techniques and Bodies, Durham, N.Ca. and London: Duke University Press.

Mol, Annemarie (1999), 'Ontological Politics: a Word and Some Questions', pages 74-89 in John Law and John Hassard (eds), Actor Network Theory and After, Oxford and Keele: Blackwell and the Sociological Review.

Mol, Annemarie (2002), The Body Multiple: Ontology in Medical Practice, Durham, N. Ca., and London: Duke University Press.

Mol, Annemarie, and Marc Berg (1994), 'Principles and Practices of Medicine: the Coexistence of Various Anaemias', Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 18: 247-265.

Mol, Annemarie, and Jessica Mesman (1996), 'Neonatal Food and the Politics of Theory: Some Questions of Method', Social Studies of Science, 26: 419-444.

Moser, Ingunn, and John Law (1999), 'Good Passages, Bad Passages', pages 196-219 in John Law and John Hassard (eds), Actor Network and After, Oxford and Keele: Blackwell and the Sociological Review.

Nicholson, Linda J. (ed.) (1990), Feminism/Postmodernism, New York: Routledge.

Ong, Walter J. (1988), Orality and Literacy: the Technologizing of the Word, London: Routledge.

Pickering, Andrew (1993), 'The Mangle of Practice: Agency and Emergence in the Sociology of Science', American Journal of Sociology, 99: 559-589.

Pickering, Andrew (1995), The Mangle of Practice: Time, Agency and Science, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.

Rabinow, Paul (1996), Making PCR: a Story of Biotechnology, Chicago and London: Chicago University Press.

Rabinow, Paul (1999), French DNA: Trouble in Purgatory, Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Rose, Hilary (1994), Love, Power and Knowledge: Towards a Feminist Transformation of the Sciences, Cambridge: Polity.

Shapin, Steven (1979a), 'Homo Phrenologicus: Anthropological Perspectives on an Historical Problem', pages 41-71 in Barry Barnes and Steven Shapin (eds),Natural Order: Historical Studies of Scientific Culture, Beverly Hills, London: Sage.

Shapin, Steven (1979b), 'The Politics of Observation: Cerebral Anatomy and Social Interests in the Edinburgh Phrenology Disputes', pages 139-178 in Roy Wallis (ed.),On the Margins of Science: the Social Construction of Rejected Knowledge, 27, Keele: Sociological Review Monograph.

Shapin, Steven (1984), 'Pump and Circumstance: Robert Boyle's Literary Technology', Social Studies of Science, 14: 481-520.

Shapin, Steven, and Simon Schaffer (1985), Leviathan and the Air Pump: Hobbes, Boyle and the Experimental Life, Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Singleton, Vicky (1993), 'Science, Women and Ambivalence: an Actor-Network Analysis of the Cervical Screening Campaign', PhD, University of Lancaster.

Singleton, Vicky (1995), 'Networking Constructions of Gender and Constructing Gender Networks: Considering Definitions of Women in the British Cervical Screening Programme', in Keith Grint and Rosalind Gill (eds), The Gender-Technology Relation: Contemporary Theory and Research, London and Bristol, PA: Taylor and Francis.

Singleton, Vicky (1996), 'Feminism, Sociology of Scientific Knowledge and Postmodernism: Politics, Theory and Me', Social Studies of Science, 26: 445-468.

Singleton, Vicky (1998), 'Stabilizing Instabilities: the Role of the Laboratory in the United Kingdom Cervical Screening Programme', pages 86-104 in Marc Berg and Annemarie Mol (eds), Differences in Medicine: Unravelling Practices, Techniques and Bodies, Durham, N.Ca.: Duke University Press.

Singleton, Vicky, and Mike Michael (1993), 'Actor-networks and Ambivalence: General Practitioners in the UK Cervical Screening Programme', Social Studies of Science, 23: 227-264.

Smith, Dorothy E. (1987), The Everyday World as Problematic: a Feminist Sociology, Milton Keynes: Open University Press.

Stacey, Jackie (1997), Teratologies: a Cultural Study of Cancer, London and New York: Routledge.

Star, Susan Leigh (1991), 'Power, Technologies and the Phenomenology of Conventions: on being Allergic to Onions', pages 26-56 in John Law (ed.), A Sociology of Monsters? Essays on Power, Technology and Domination, Sociological Review Monograph, 38,London: Routledge.

Star, Susan Leigh (ed.) (1995), The Cultures of Computing, Sociological Review Monographs. Oxford and Keele: Blackwell and the Sociological Review.

Star, Susan Leigh, and James Griesemer (1989), 'Institutional Ecology, Translations and Boundary Objects: Amateurs and Professionals in Berkeley's Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907-39', Social Studies of Science, 19: 387-420.

Stone, Allucquère Rosanne (1991), 'Will the Real Body Please Stand Up? Boundary Stories about Virtual Cultures', pages 81-118 in Michael Benedikt (ed.), Cyberspace: First Steps, Cambridge Mass: MIT Press.

Stone, Allucquère Rosanne (1995a), 'Innocence and Awakening: Cyberdämmerung at the Achibe Research Laboratory', pages 177-195 in George E. Marcus (ed.), Technoscientific Imaginaries: Conversations, Profiles and Memoirs, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Stone, Allucquère Rosanne (1995b), 'Split Subjects, Not Atoms; or, How I Fell in Love With My Prosthesis', pages 393-406 in Chris Hables Gray (ed.), The Cyborg Handbook, New York and London: Routledge.

Stone, Allucquère Rosanne (1995c), The War of Desire and Technology at the Close of the Mechanical Age, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.

Strathern, Marilyn (1991), Partial Connections, Savage Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield.

Strathern, Marilyn (1996), 'Cutting the Network', Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 2: 517-535.

Thrift, Nigel (1996), Spatial Formations, London, Thousand Oaks and New Delhi: Sage.

Traweek, Sharon (1988), Beamtimes and Lifetimes: the World of High Energy Physics, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Traweek, Sharon (1988b), 'Feminist Perspectives on Science Studies', Science, Technology and Human Values, 13: 250-253.

Traweek, Sharon (1992), 'Border Crossings: Narrative Strategies in Science Studies and among Physicists in Tsukuba Science City, Japan', pages 429-466 in Andrew Pickering (ed.), Science as Practice and Culture, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.

Traweek, Sharon (1995a), 'Bachigai (Out of Place) in Ibaraki: Tsukuba Science City, Japan', pages 355-377 in George E. Marcus (ed.), Technoscientific Imaginaries: Conversations, Profiles and Memoirs, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Traweek, Sharon (1995b), 'Bodies of Evidence: Law and Order, Sexy Machines, and the Erotics of Fieldwork among Physicists', pages 211-225 in Susan Leigh Foster (ed.), Choreographing History, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.

Traweek, Sharon (1999), 'Pilgrim's Progress: Male Tales Told During a Life in Physics', pages 525-542 in Mario Biagioli (ed.), The Science Studies Reader, New York and London: Routledge.

Turkle, Sherry (1984), The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit, New York: Simon and Schuster.

Turkle, Sherry (1996), Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Vehviläinen, Marja (1997), Gender, Expertise and Information Technology, Tampere: Department of Computer Science, University of Tampere.

Vehviläinen, Marja (1998), 'Silence, Strangeness and Desire in Writing Technology', in Brita Brenna, John Law, and Ingunn Moser (eds), Machines, Agency and Desire, Oslo: TMV, Oslo University.

Wajcman, Judy (1991), Feminism Confronts Technology, Cambridge: Polity Press.

Watson-Verran, Helen and David Turnbull (1995), ‘Science and Other Indigenous Knowledge Systems’, pp 115-139 in Sheila Jasanoff et.al. (eds), Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, Thousand Oaks, Cal: Sage.

Winner, Langdon (1985,1999), ‘Do Artifacts Have Politics?’, pp28-40 in Donald Mackenzie and Judy Wajcman (eds) The Social Shaping of Technology 2^nd Edition, Buckingham and Philadelphia: Open University Press.

Woolgar, Steve (ed.) (1988), Knowledge and Reflexivity: New Frontiers in the Sociology of Knowledge, London: Sage.