http://hdl.handle.net/1956/994 Search the Channel search http://bora.uib.no/simple-search http://hdl.handle.net/1956/2384 Title: Hvilken betydning har personlige og strukturelle faktorer for gjennomføring av mastergrad? <br/> <br/>Authors: Iversen, Anette Christine; Hetland, Hilde; Wiium, Nora <br/> <br/>Abstract: Med innføring av Kvalitetsreformen fra 2003 har det blitt sterkere fokus på gjennomføring av høyere grad. I denne artikkelen undersøker vi betydning av personlig motivasjon, strukturelle forhold og veileders engasjement for fullføring av mastergrad. Artikkelen er basert på data fra en spørreskjemaundersøkelse gjennomført ved Universitet i Bergen våren 2006. Av de 381 studentene som besvarte spørreskjema (52 % svar) var det 266 studentene som hadde påbegynt studiene i 2003. Av disse studerte 203 på heltid og denne gruppen utgjør materialet i denne undersøkelsen. Studentene ble delt inn i to grupper: fullført og ikke fullført. I gruppen fullført har vi inkludert studenter som har levert innen 5-6 semester. Resultatene viser at 70% av studentene som påbegynte masterstudier i 2003, hadde fullført innen våren 2006, blant disse hadde 38.6% fullført innen normert tid. En kombinasjon av personlig motivasjon og strukturelle forhold ser ut til å være av betydning for fullføring av mastergrad. Personlig målsetting, det at studentene synes det var viktig å fullføre på normert tid, hadde signifikant betydning, likeså veileders målsetting. Også hyppighet av veiledning var av signifikant betydning. Av strukturelle forhold var det å ha masteroppgaven som en del av et forskningsprosjekt av signifikant betydning for fullføring. http://hdl.handle.net/1956/2382 Title: Skrivegruppa for PhD-kandidatar under biomaterialparaplyen <br/> <br/>Authors: Høl, Paul Johan http://hdl.handle.net/1956/2141 Title: Returning disability pensioners with back pain to work <br/> <br/>Authors: Magnussen, Liv Heide <br/> <br/>Abstract: The main purpose of this thesis was to investigate whether a group of disability pensioners with back pain would have a potential for a successful return to work. Perceived barriers against work, physical and mental functioning and the effect of a vocational- oriented intervention were evaluated. The thesis consists of three papers. The first paper deals with the pensioners’ perceived barriers against work and perceptions of their own health. This was considered likely to have an impact on the process of returning to work. To explore these perceptions, focus group interviews in a sample of 17 disability pensioners were carried out. Several perceived barriers against a successful return to work appeared: earlier negative experiences related to the disability process and previous work, poor self - judgement of work ability, low self-esteem, lack of support from social security authorities and unsuitable economic arrangements. The second paper explores whether the level of physical and mental functioning would influence on a successful return to work in patients on disability pension due to back pain. Both self-report and physical performance measures disclosed considerably reduced physical functioning among these disability pensioners. High levels of pain, fear avoidance beliefs, emotional distress and other health complaints were also reported. The majority rated their working ability as poor and did not expect that they could ever return to work. However, a subgroup with a more positive expectancy was found. In this group we found a better physical and mental functioning. In the third paper, a randomised controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of a brief vocational-oriented intervention. The intervention focused on the issues emerging from Paper 1 and 2. The intervention had no statistically significant effect on return to work during the following year. However, twice as many in the intervention group as in the control group had entered into a return to work process at 1-year follow-up which gave a number needed to treat of 9. Prognostic factors for having entered this process included a more positive expectancy for a return to work, less pain and better physical performance. This thesis confirms that the effort of returning disability pensioners with back pain to work is a challenging task. Due to the large economical implication of returning disability pensioners to work, the modest effect of the intervention used in the present study may still be of clinical and economical relevance, at least for a selected group of pensioners. Candidates for vocational rehabilitation seem to be more likely to succeed if they have a positive attitude towards returning to work, have less pain and when they are not severely physically impaired. Candidates in future rehabilitation programmes should probably be selected based on these criteria. They seem also to need very close follow-up from all parts involved in the return to work process. http://hdl.handle.net/1956/2095 Title: Sick Leave and Subjective Health Complaints <br/> <br/>Authors: Tveito, Torill Helene <br/> <br/>Abstract: The aims of this thesis were to identify risk factors for high levels of sick leave and investigate what – if anything – can be done to reduce sick leave. What is the role of “subjective health complaints”, coping, and psychosocial work factors in relation to sick leave, and to what extent do these factors and the sick leave relate to quality of life? Are there any interventions with a documented effect on sick leave in the literature? Is it possible to influence sick leave through an intervention tailored to target the risk factors for sick leave including both psychological and physiological health factors? Finally, the aim was to identify and describe employees with a high level of sick leave. “Subjective health complaints” are complaints without known pathology or where the pathological findings are less than expected. Such complaints are the cause of more than 50% of the sick leave in Norway. Musculoskeletal complaints are one subgroup of subjective health complaints and are responsible for nearly half of the sick leave. Low back pain is the most common diagnosis in this group. Employees in the health sector are the work group with most sick leave and highest recruitment to disability pension. In Paper 1 employees in two nursing homes for the elderly were assessed for subjective health complaints as well as for health related quality of life. In addition, personal and work factors were monitored. High levels of subjective health complaints did relate to low quality of life. High expectancies of being able to cope and low work demands were associated to high quality of life; and low coping expectancies and high work demands were associated to low quality of life. Since low back pain is the most common reason for sick leave and a frequent complaint among the employees in the nursing homes, the literature for work place interventions targeted at low back pain was searched. In Paper 2 the results from this systematic literature review of controlled work place interventions are presented. We identified 31 publications that satisfied our quality criteria. The inclusion criteria were: controlled intervention, work setting, and assessment of at least one of the four main outcome measures: sick leave, costs, new episodes of low back pain, and pain. All studies were scored on methodological quality. Physical exercise and comprehensive multidisciplinary interventions were the only interventions with a documented effect on low back pain. Physical exercise to prevent low back pain and comprehensive multidisciplinary interventions to treat employees with low back pain were effective in reducing sick leave, costs, and preventing recurrence of low back pain. In Paper 3 the effects of an intervention tailored to target the risk factors for sick leave including both psychological and physiological health factors related to sick leave are presented. Employees in one of the nursing homes from Paper 1 were invited to participate in an “Integrated Health Programme” consisting of physical exercise, health information, and stress management, in a randomised controlled study. The intervention group (n = 19) was allowed time off from work to participate in the intervention twice weekly for 9 months. The control group (n = 21) was offered the same “Integrated Health Programme” after the study was finished. The intervention had no significant effect on sick leave. Sick leave more than doubled in both groups during the intervention period. The intervention group reported less neck complaints compared to the control group, otherwise there were no effects on subjective health complaints. On the other hand, there were large positive subjective effects in the intervention group. The intervention group reported significant improvement in their experience of their own health, physical fitness, muscle pain, stress management, maintenance of health, and work situation. Still, this did not change the scores on health related quality of life. This may relate to the fact that the scores were about average for the group as a whole. Finally, in Paper 4, the distribution of sick leave in a population of power plant employees was described. A group of 10% of the employees was responsible for 82% of the sick leave, with an average number of 44 days of sick leave in the group of employees with much sick leave and 1 day in the group with low level of sick leave. The employees with much sick leave were characterised by high levels of subjective health complaints, low education, low coping, heavy manual work, and many health risk factors such as smoking, low job satisfaction, high reports of job stress, poor quality of sleep, and low level of physical activity. With sick leave among the employees distributed like this, demonstrating effect on sick leave of an intervention including all employees will be difficult. The conclusion from the thesis is that a minor part of the employees had the major part of the sick leave. The employees with much sick leave were characterised by having high levels of subjective health complaints, an unhealthy life style, low coping, a reduced quality of life, and low socioeconomic status. Subjective health complaints were important for daily life functioning. High coping and low job demands were associated with high quality of life. Physical exercise interventions at the work place had a documented effect on sick leave. A work place intervention including physical exercise was not effective in reducing sick leave and subjective health complaints, but had large subjective effects. The potential for reducing sick leave is small when targeting all employees in an organisation and this may explain why so few of the interventions aiming to reduce sick leave, including the one in this thesis, are effective. http://hdl.handle.net/1956/2079 Title: Veiledning av dr.grads kandidater ved Seksjon for sykepleievitenskap : viktige aspekter i samarbeidet mellom veileder og kandidat - kompetanseforventning <br/> <br/>Authors: Johansen, Venke; Isaksen, Astrid Steen <br/> <br/>Abstract: Målsettingen i reglement for PhD-veiledning ved UiB (2003) fremhever at veiledning skal være individuell og foregå jevnlig. Veiledningsprosessen kan inndeles i ulike faser og kan forstås i form av ulike modeller som undervisnings-, lærling- og partnerskaps modellen (Dysthe 2003, Dysthe og Breistein 1999). Vårt prosjekt omhandler veiledning av dr.grads kandidater der intensjonen er å få frem både veilederes og kandidaters erfaringer og tanker rundt veiledningsprosessen. Det er foretatt semistrukturerte intervju med tre veiledere og fire dr.grads kandidater. Intervjuene setter blant annet fokus på hva det er viktig å vektlegge i ulike faser, hvilke rammer som er avtalt, hvordan kandidatene ”bruker” veileder og hvilken kompetanse en forventer at kandidaten skal ha etter gjennomført studie. Resultatene viser blant annet at alle orienterer seg i forhold til en treleddet veiledningsprosess med start-, gjennomførings- og avslutningsfase, med størst behov for veiledning i første og siste fase. Vedrørende tolking av materialet med henblikk på modeller for veiledning, synes tyngdepunktet å ligge på en kombinasjon av undervisnings- og partnerskapsmodellen. Det vektlegges et likeverdig forhold mellom kandidat og veileder, hvor kandidaten etter hvert arbeider svært selvstendig. Dette i kombinasjon med at det er ønskelig med en detaljert tilbakemelding på innlevert tekst. Klare rammer og avtaler for veiledning forekommer sjeldent, samtidig som det uttrykkes et sterkt behov for dette. Begge gruppene ser det som vesentlig at veileder har god kjennskap til kandidatens fagområde, og begge ser støtte og oppmuntring som svært viktig i de ulike faser. Kandidatene er mer spesifikk enn veilederne når det gjelder forventet kompetanse. Resultatene av undersøkelsen viser at det er viktig å løfte frem veiledning som et diskusjonstema for ansatte og dr.grads kandidater ved seksjonen. http://hdl.handle.net/1956/2029 Title: The nature of subjective health complaints in adolescence : dimensionality, stability, and psychosocial predictors <br/> <br/>Authors: Hetland, Jørn <br/> <br/>Abstract: Despite the fact that adolescence is regarded as a period in life with good health and where severe illness is uncommon, many adolescents struggle with different kinds of health complaints in their daily lives. From a preventive point of view it is crucial to gain insight into the nature of health complaints among children and adolescents, as well as their aetiology. The main purpose of the present thesis is to provide knowledge about the underlying structures in health complaints, the stability and development of health complaints, and the reciprocal relationship between psychosocial predictors in the school context and subjective health complaints in adolescence. Possible implications for the development of preventive efforts are also addressed. The thesis consists of three papers, and the papers apply data from three different studies. Paper one is based on data from two of the studies. First, a sub-sample, consisting of 1251 Norwegian students (11 -15 year olds) from the Health Promoting Schools study (ENHPS) was used. Second, data from a nation wide study amongst 7059 Norwegian students (aged 11, 13, 15, and 16) from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study was used. In paper two, panel data from the Norwegian Longitudinal Health Behaviour (NLHB) study (n = 891) was applied. Finally, in paper three, a cohort of 386 students in Grade 8 (aged 13) from the ENHPS study was used. Analyses were mainly conducted within the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) framework using AMOS 4.01 and 5.0. The results of the present thesis give no clear answer to the question of dimensionality underlying subjective health complaints. However, the findings in paper one suggest that there may be two underlying dimensions in subjective health complaints that may be labelled “somatic” and psychological” complaints, and that the two dimensions are highly correlated. All three papers in the thesis address developmental trends in subjective health complaints. While there is consistent evidence of an increase in complaints from early to mid adolescence among girls, the developmental trend is less pronounced among boys. Furthermore, the results from paper one and two indicate that differences in the developmental patterns between boys and girls result in an emergence of a gender difference that persists throughout adolescence. There is also evidence of a substantial relative stability in subjective health complaints during adolescence, reported in paper two, and an indication of an increasing relative stability with age. Finally, there is some evidence of a relationship between being bullied over time and a steeper developmental increase in subjective health complaints in paper three. Furthermore, social support from teachers and students is to some extent related to lower levels of complaints, while there is a clear relationship between support from fellow students and lower levels of being bullied across time. The findings in the present thesis confirm that the patterns of subjective health complaints may have developed already by adolescence and that there is considerable stability in such complaints. Consequently, interventions in adolescence may also have an impact on the prevalence of complaints later in life. Furthermore, findings from the present thesis indicate that psychosocial predictors, like being a victim of bullying and social support in the school context, may be important target factors for interventions aimed at promoting psychosocial aspects of health. http://hdl.handle.net/1956/1988 Title: Evaluering av studenters journalopptak og undersøkelse av barn ved innleggelse i barneavdeling <br/> <br/>Authors: Øymar, Knut; Greve, Gottfried <br/> <br/>Abstract: Hensikten med en pilotstudie som vi har gjort, var å utprøve en metode for å evaluere studentene i selve undersøkelsessituasjonen ved journalopptak. Vi ønsket å få fram ulike sider ved studentenes evne til å oppnå god kontakt og skape tillit både hos barn og foreldre, hvordan de fikk fram opplysninger om barnets situasjon og i hvilken grad dette igjen ga et godt grunnlag for gjennomføringen av selve undersøkelsessituasjonen. Som observatører ville vi benytte studenten selv, foreldrene og i tillegg den sykepleieren og legen som hadde ansvaret for pasienten på avdelingen. Vi har ønsket også å undersøke hvordan undervisning i og evaluering av kommunikasjon med foreldre og barn blir gjennomført ved alle de andre tre medisinske fakultetene i Norge. http://hdl.handle.net/1956/1987 Title: Gjennomstrøyming med og utan rettleiing <br/> <br/>Authors: Røssland, Lars Arve <br/> <br/>Abstract: Dette paperet tar utgangspunkt i ein heilt konkret prosess vinteren 2005/2006 knytt til eit uttalt mål ved Det samfunnsvitskaplege fakultet om å auka gjennomstrøyminga på masternivået. Ved fleire høve slo fakultetet fast at den såkalla gjennomstrøymingsgraden er for dårleg. Denne graden gjeld kor mange som faktisk leverer ferdig masteroppgåve på normert tid, altså innanfor fire semester totalt på masternivået. Meir konkret spør paperet seg kva for plass rettleiing har hatt i denne prosessen.