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    <title>BORA Collection: Stein Rokkan Centre for Social Studies - Working Papers</title>
    <link>http://hdl.handle.net/1956/1313</link>
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      <title>The EU Fight Against Poverty and Social Exclusion : Activation,Targeting and the Sustainability of the Welfare State</title>
      <link>http://hdl.handle.net/1956/2120</link>
      <description>Title: The EU Fight Against Poverty and Social Exclusion : Activation,Targeting and the Sustainability of the Welfare State
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Nilssen, Even
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: At the Lisbon Council of March 2000, the EU member states agreed that they should&#xD;
coordinate their policies for combating poverty and social exclusion on the basis of an&#xD;
open method of coordination (OMC).&#xD;
This paper focuses on the main discourses which are expressed through the OMC in&#xD;
the field of social inclusion. Empirically it is concentrating on the joint reports by the&#xD;
European Council and the Commission and on National Action Plans from some&#xD;
member states (Germany, UK and Denmark).&#xD;
The paper states that 1) the definition of problems is closely related to a more&#xD;
general discourse on the sustainability of the welfare state; 2) the main solutions are&#xD;
founded in discourses concerning «activation» and «targeting social benefits». Social&#xD;
policy has to a large extent become labour market policy. Despite some differences&#xD;
between the selected countries, this seems to be the general trends in European social&#xD;
policy; 3) these trends are not created by the OMC process, but it is fair to say that they&#xD;
are strengthened by it, and 4) the general discourses are not presented in a&#xD;
normative/moral language, but expressed in a purely instrumental fashion. The Social&#xD;
Inclusion Strategy (SIS) in the EU is subjected to economical rather than moral or&#xD;
ethical considerations. Nevertheless, it also affects some important questions of justice&#xD;
primarily related to the balance between rights and duties.</description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 29 Oct 2006 22:58:59 GMT</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Omorganisering av konkurransetilsynet</title>
      <link>http://hdl.handle.net/1956/2041</link>
      <description>Title: Omorganisering av konkurransetilsynet
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Bertelsen, Merete Mæland
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: Dette notatet er basert på en detaljert studie av endringer i organiseringen av&#xD;
regulerings- og konkurransepolitikken i perioden 2001–2006, med omorganiseringen av&#xD;
Konkurransetilsynet som case. I denne perioden foregikk to parallelle politiske prosesser&#xD;
som endte i ny konkurranselov og en omlokalisering av Konkurransetilsynet. Både&#xD;
prosessen med endring av konkurranseloven og med utflytting av Konkurransetilsynet&#xD;
ble igangsatt av regjering og departement, men de var i ulik grad åpene for andre aktører&#xD;
til å delta med sine problemdefinisjoner og løsningsforslag. Det var også stor forskjell i&#xD;
engasjement i de to prosessene fra både formelle og uformell aktører. Forslag om&#xD;
flytting av tilsynet vakte langt sterkere reaksjoner enn lovforslaget. Forslagene som&#xD;
fremmes viser en utvikling i retning av et ønske om større autonomi for Konkurransetilsynet&#xD;
i forhold til departement og den politiske ledelse, og en styrket posisjon som&#xD;
tilsynsorgan både i forhold til andre tilsyn og i forhold til tilsynsobjekter. Internasjonal&#xD;
påvirkning, tilpasning til forvaltningspolitiske trender, sterke nasjonale aktører, timing og&#xD;
strategi, forhandlinger, og tilfeldigheter, har medvirket til utfallet av prosessene.</description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 29 Oct 2006 22:58:59 GMT</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>European Pension Policy Initiatives and National Reforms : Between Financial Sustainability and Adequacy</title>
      <link>http://hdl.handle.net/1956/2040</link>
      <description>Title: European Pension Policy Initiatives and National Reforms : Between Financial Sustainability and Adequacy
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Ervik, Rune
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: The EU Open method of Coordination (OMC) represents one strategy for pension&#xD;
reform that ideally combines agreement on common objectives with different&#xD;
institutional and national approaches as means of reaching these objectives.&#xD;
This paper will focus on the OMC in pensions, seen as representing a pension policy&#xD;
discourse, and how it relates to national pension policy in three particular countries; two&#xD;
member states; Germany and the UK and one non-member country; Norway. Each of&#xD;
the three countries represents different welfare state and pension models, i.e. the&#xD;
Bismarck-, the Beveridge-, and the Nordic model respectively. Two key questions are&#xD;
addressed: Does the OMC process promote a particular kind of pension system model&#xD;
through its goal of providing adequate, sustainable and modernized pensions? How&#xD;
does it compare to and does it challenge existing national systems as found in the three&#xD;
selected cases in terms of their institutional and normative foundations? In addition the&#xD;
paper briefly discusses in what way the OMC in pension potentially impact national&#xD;
pension debates and reforms.&#xD;
The empirical material applied for analysis focuses mainly on the National Strategy&#xD;
Reports and the Joint reports by the Commission and the Council. Theoretically an&#xD;
institutional perspective is followed stressing the interaction between different&#xD;
institutions of pension provision and the adhering discourses surrounding these&#xD;
institutions. Thus, institutions are seen as instruments for solving problems (for instance&#xD;
income security in old age) and at the same time they are expressing a normative content&#xD;
inherent in their specific solutions. In this way each pension pillar (seen as an&#xD;
institution) contains its own more or less particular discourse. This paper distinguishes&#xD;
between three particular discourses: Social right-, status security-, and a private pension&#xD;
discourse.&#xD;
Analysing the OMC pension discourse as laid out in the Joint reports, the following&#xD;
key elements are identified: Firstly, the issue of financial sustainability takes precedence&#xD;
over the goal of adequacy. To obtain sustainability there is a need to raise employment&#xD;
rates and to stem growth in public pension expenditures. Secondly, this argumentation&#xD;
implies a new division of pension pillars by increasing the role of occupational and&#xD;
private pensions. In addition, it entails internal normative changes of pension pillars by&#xD;
strengthening traits known from private pension insurance. Thirdly, the goal of&#xD;
adequacy is shaped by the financial sustainability discourse and its focus on public&#xD;
pension expenditures. Fourthly, seen as a pension model the OMC on pensions&#xD;
promotes a hybrid model of pension provision containing elements from all three&#xD;
pension systems, but with the important qualification that it is really «hybridization with&#xD;
a bias». This means that the model represents a new pension blend that contains fewest&#xD;
traits from the Bismarckian model and with more prominence to elements known from&#xD;
multi-pillar systems as well as minimum pension guarantees as found in the new postreform&#xD;
Nordic model.&#xD;
From this follows that this hybrid pension model has various implications in terms of&#xD;
challenges to national paradigms: In the German case we find a clear move away from public first pillar provision and increasing reliance on second and third pillar&#xD;
provision. In addition, focus on minimum security challenge the status security&#xD;
orientation of the German system. For the UK there is no confrontation in terms of&#xD;
financial sustainability, implying a continuance of the tradition of pension privatisation,&#xD;
and providing a complex system of means tested benefits to secure minimum security.&#xD;
For the Norwegian case the hybrid OMC paradigm represents a challenge in terms of&#xD;
increasing reliance on occupational pension provision in providing standard security and&#xD;
by containing future public pension spending.</description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Nov 2006 22:58:59 GMT</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modern Regulatory Agencies  : Professional and Judicial Objectivity or Increased Complexity in Decision-Making?</title>
      <link>http://hdl.handle.net/1956/2039</link>
      <description>Title: Modern Regulatory Agencies  : Professional and Judicial Objectivity or Increased Complexity in Decision-Making?
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Christensen, Tom; Lægreid, Per
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: I dette notatet undersøker vi vilkårene for å gjennomføre den nye regulerings- og&#xD;
tilsynspolitikken i Norge. Vi undersøker både prosessen i forbindelse med regjeringens&#xD;
tilsynsmelding og beslutningsprosser i forbindelse med utvalgte tilsyn. Vi argumenterer&#xD;
for at reguleringsorganene opererer i en kompleks politisk-administrativ kontekst, og at&#xD;
vi må kombinere instrumentelle og institusjonelle perspektiver for å forstå hvordan de&#xD;
fungerer i praksis. En rasjonell-økonomisk tilnærming holdes opp mot en transformativ&#xD;
tilnærming som omfatter organisasjonsstrukturelle elementer, kulturelle komponenter og&#xD;
trekk ved institusjonaliserte omgivelser. Vi beskriver hvordan den nye reguleringspolitikken&#xD;
ble introdusert i Norge og fokuserer på reformer av tilsynsorgan i to sektorer&#xD;
så vel som reguleringspraksis i to tilsynsorgan. Hovedbildet er at det er en løs kopling&#xD;
mellom det idealet som OECD reguleringsreformer forutsetter og a) den generelle&#xD;
tilsynspolitikk i Norge, b) reorganisering av tilsynsorgan i utvalgte sektorer og c)&#xD;
hvordan reguleringspraksisen utøves i utvalgte tilsyn i konkrete saker.</description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Nov 2006 22:58:59 GMT</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Utvikling av forvaltningsrevisjon i Norge</title>
      <link>http://hdl.handle.net/1956/2037</link>
      <description>Title: Utvikling av forvaltningsrevisjon i Norge
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Grahm-Haga, Kaia Christina Irmelinsdatter
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: Dette notatet er basert på en detaljert studie av utvikling av forvaltningsrevisjon hos&#xD;
Riksrevisjonen. Den tar for seg utviklingen av revisjonsformen i policy og praksis fra&#xD;
1994 til 2005. Tidsperioden er valgt fordi det er i denne perioden Riksrevisjonen har&#xD;
oversendt forvaltningsrevisjonsrapporter i dokument 3-serien til Stortinget.&#xD;
Policy omfatter fem ulike forvaltningspolitiske virkemidler. Dette er lover og&#xD;
retningslinjer, strategiplaner og andre sentrale dokumenter, organisering av forvaltningsrevisjon,&#xD;
personell samt økonomiske ressurser. Praksis konkretiseres til å være de&#xD;
oversendte dokument 3-rapportene. På enkelte områder analyseres samtlige rapporter,&#xD;
men hovedsakelig studeres tre årganger. Utviklingen av policy og praksis fremstilles hver&#xD;
for seg, men sammenhengen mellom dem belyses også. Studiet er gjennomført ved&#xD;
dokumentanalyse av et omfattende datagrunnlag, i tillegg til intervjuer med sentrale&#xD;
aktører.&#xD;
Utviklingen og endringen av forvaltningsrevisjon er preget av vekst og prioritering,&#xD;
standardisering og formalisering, samt profesjonalisering og spesialisering. Endringene&#xD;
har skjedd både i policy og praksis, og er til dels store. Hovedtyngden av endringer i&#xD;
policy kommer i 1996 og i etterkant av opprettelsen av en egen spesialisert avdeling for&#xD;
forvaltningsrevisjon, mens endringene i praksis kommer sterkest til syne i årgang to som&#xD;
analyseres (1999–2000). Studien viser at forvaltningsrevisjon raskt har blitt institusjonalisert,&#xD;
og at revisjonsformen i dag utgjør en viktig og naturlig del av Riksrevisjonens&#xD;
virksomhet. Totalt har satsingen på forvaltningsrevisjon revitalisert Riksrevisjonen som&#xD;
kontrollorgan.</description>
      <pubDate>Sun, 29 Oct 2006 22:58:59 GMT</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Modern Management Tools in Norwegian State Agencies : Regulation Inside Government or Shopping Basket?</title>
      <link>http://hdl.handle.net/1956/2036</link>
      <description>Title: Modern Management Tools in Norwegian State Agencies : Regulation Inside Government or Shopping Basket?
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Lægreid, Per; Rubecksen, Kristin; Roness, Paul G.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: This paper focuses on the broad package of modern management tools that are used by&#xD;
Norwegian state organizations. These tools are regarded as forms of regulation inside&#xD;
government as well as a shopping basket. We describe the range of different tools and&#xD;
look at how intensively they are used and how they are interrelated. We also examine&#xD;
variations in use of these tools by different state organizations. The database is a survey&#xD;
addressed to all organizations in the Norwegian civil service, apart from the ministries,&#xD;
in 2004. Our theoretical approach is primarily based on neo-institutional theory. Our&#xD;
main empirical findings are that the use of modern management tools is widespread;&#xD;
that some are very common while others are more marginal; that there are different&#xD;
families of tools that supplement each other; that there is significant variation in the use&#xD;
of different tools; and that agency size is the most important factor in explaining the use&#xD;
of different tools.</description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Nov 2006 22:58:59 GMT</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Reform of the Employment and Welfare Administrations : The Challenges of Co-ordinating Diverse Public Organisations</title>
      <link>http://hdl.handle.net/1956/2035</link>
      <description>Title: Reform of the Employment and Welfare Administrations : The Challenges of Co-ordinating Diverse Public Organisations
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Christensen, Tom; Fimreite, Anne Lise; Lægreid, Per
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: This paper addresses one of the most comprehensive structural reforms in recent&#xD;
Norwegian administrative history: a merger of the employment and national insurance&#xD;
administrations, combined with more formal collaboration with the local government&#xD;
social services administration. The reform can be seen as a «whole-of-government» initiative&#xD;
intended to increase the co-ordinative capacity of government to address «wicked&#xD;
problems» cutting across existing policy areas and government levels in a multi-level&#xD;
governance system. This paper examines the following questions: First, what&#xD;
characterises the organisational thinking related to this reform? Second, how can we&#xD;
understand the reform process in terms of a transformative perspective combining&#xD;
instrumental, cultural and environmental features? Third, what would we expect to be&#xD;
the greatest specialisation and co-ordination challenges of the chosen structure? Fourth,&#xD;
what are the potential effects and implications of the new structure for political control&#xD;
and institutional autonomy, for relations between central and local administrations, and&#xD;
for the main goals stated?</description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 28 Nov 2006 22:58:59 GMT</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Helsekameratene : gruppe for flerfaglig forskning om helse og sykdom i kulturelt perspektiv, Universitetet i Bergen 1999 – 2005</title>
      <link>http://hdl.handle.net/1956/1923</link>
      <description>Title: Helsekameratene : gruppe for flerfaglig forskning om helse og sykdom i kulturelt perspektiv, Universitetet i Bergen 1999 – 2005
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Authors: Malterud, Kirsti; Elvbakken, Kari Tove; Solvang, Per
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Abstract: Sammendrag: Ved Universitetet i Bergen etablerte vi i 1999 en flerfaglig forskergruppe som har&#xD;
arbeidet med problemstillinger om sykdom og helse i kulturelt perspektiv. I gruppen,&#xD;
som fikk navnet Helsekameratene, har medisinske, humanistiske og samfunnsvitenskapelige&#xD;
fag vært representert. Forskergruppen ble tildelt miljøstøttebevilgning fra&#xD;
Forskningsrådet i to perioder; 1999−2001 og 2003−2005. Formålet var å samle forskere&#xD;
fra ulike fag med interesse for forskning om helse og sykdom i kulturelt perspektiv. Vi&#xD;
ønsket å styrke og utvikle nye samarbeidsrelasjoner mellom forskere på tvers av&#xD;
institutter og fakulteter i Bergen og på denne måten bygge et grunnlag for nytenkning og&#xD;
kunnskapsutvikling. Våre strategier for å bygge et godt og levedyktig forskningsmiljø har&#xD;
omfattet rekruttering, miljøbygging internt i forskergruppen og i relasjoner til ulike&#xD;
samarbeidsmiljøer, samt utadrettet virksomhet i form av seminarer, workshops,&#xD;
publisering og populærvitenskapelige aktiviteter. I tillegg har vi drevet forskning, i&#xD;
økende grad i samarbeid med hverandre og tilgrensende fagmiljøer. Det tematiske&#xD;
samarbeidet tok utgangspunkt i forskergruppens pågående prosjekter og samlet seg i&#xD;
første prosjektperiode om forholdet mellom legfolks og eksperters forståelse av risiko&#xD;
og trygghet og forholdet mellom ekspertkunnskap og utforming av politikk. Spesielt&#xD;
ønsket vi å undersøke forbindelser mellom kunnskapsproduksjon og tiltak for å&#xD;
håndtere risiko og samspillet mellom eksperter og pasienter eller brukere. Disse&#xD;
spørsmålene ble i første prosjektperiode belyst gjennom prosjekter om psykiatri,&#xD;
reproduksjon, belastningslidelser og kvinners helseplager. I andre prosjektperiode har vi&#xD;
gått videre fra disse analysene til studier av forebygging ut fra en kritisk forståelse av&#xD;
risiko, dessuten forskning om helseressurser med vekt på den utsattes eget potensial til å&#xD;
vende sårbarhet til styrke. Mens vi i første prosjektperiode ga prioritet til rekruttering og&#xD;
miljøbygging, har innsatsen i andre prosjektperiode vært konsentrert om videreutvikling&#xD;
og ekspansjon av Bergens-miljøet, internasjonalt samarbeid og publisering. Ved&#xD;
prosjektavslutning er vår vurdering at disse strategiene har vært virksomme. Vi har&#xD;
lyktes i å koordinere og videreutvikle et kjernemiljø som i stadig økende grad initierer og&#xD;
gjennomfører nye samarbeidsprosjekter på tvers av faggrenser. Bergen har nå et rikt og&#xD;
frodig miljø for forskning om helse sykdom i kulturelt perspektiv, dels initiert og&#xD;
inspirert av Helsekameratenes aktiviteter, og dels etablert på arenaer der forskergruppen&#xD;
har bidratt med tilrettelegging. Vi har sammen publisert boka Helsebilder.- Sunnhet og&#xD;
sykdom i kulturelt perspektiv der vi undersøker ulike forestillinger som ligger til grunn for&#xD;
billedliggjøring av både den syke og den sunne og riktige kroppen. Vi har bidratt til&#xD;
publisering av temanummer om helse og kultur i Tidsskrift for Den norske lægeforening,&#xD;
Tidsskrift for Velferdsforskning, Scandinavian Journal of Public Health og Tidsskrift for&#xD;
kulturforskning (2006). Vi har arrangert internseminarer, veiledningsseminarer, doktorgradskurs&#xD;
og en omfattende rekke åpne seminarer og workshops med internasjonale&#xD;
gjesteforelesere og etablert et fruktbart og konkret samarbeid med en forskergruppe ved&#xD;
Københavns Universitet. Helsekameratene har engasjert gjesteforskere og gitt støtte til&#xD;
utvikling og oppfølging av lokale prosjekter. Ved prosjektavslutning er de fleste av&#xD;
forskergruppens medlemmer engasjert i nye flerfaglige satsinger og samarbeidskonstellasjoner&#xD;
innen dette feltet med aktiviteter som gir god uttelling angående&#xD;
publikasjoner og prosjektstøtte.           &#xD;
Summary: At the University of Bergen we established in 1999 a cross-disciplinary group of&#xD;
researchers working on issues related to illness and health in a cultural perspective. The&#xD;
group, which was called the Health Pals, included researchers from medicine,&#xD;
humanities and social sciences. The research group was given a grant from the&#xD;
Norwegian Research Counsil for two periods − 1999−2001 and 2003−2005. The&#xD;
purpose was to make researchers from different disciplines come together to develop&#xD;
research about health and illness in a cultural perspective. We wanted to strengthen and&#xD;
develop new relations for collaboration across departments and faculties in Bergen, and&#xD;
in this way build a foundation for innovative reflection and development of knowledge.&#xD;
Our strategies to build a strong and vital research network have included recruitment,&#xD;
network elaboration among the members of the research group as well as towards other&#xD;
researchers in Bergen, and also activities for sharing thoughts and experiences such as&#xD;
seminars, workshops, scientific publication and popular dissemination. In addition, we&#xD;
have been doing research, increasingly together with each other and adjacent research&#xD;
groups. Our collaboration was founded in the ongoing projects of the members at start.&#xD;
In the first period, we focused the relationship between lay people’s and experts&#xD;
understanding of risk and safety, and the relations between expert knowledge and policy&#xD;
development. More specifically, we wanted to study relations between construction of&#xD;
knowledge and inventions to manage risk, and the interaction between experts and&#xD;
patients/users. In the first part of our period, these issues were substantiated through&#xD;
projects about psychiatry, reproduction, musculosceletal disorders, and women’s health&#xD;
problems. In the last part of the period, we have moved from this point towards studies&#xD;
about prevention of disease from a critical understanding of risk, and also research&#xD;
about health resources emphasizing the individual’s capacity to transform vulnerability&#xD;
into strength. Along the road, we have become increasingly interested in historical and&#xD;
comparative perspectives. In the first part of the project, we have given priority to&#xD;
recruitment and networking. Later on, we have developed and expanded the&#xD;
foundations for research within this field in Bergen, established international&#xD;
connections, and emphasized scientific publication. We have succeeded in coordinating&#xD;
and developing a core group which to a steadily more increased rate initiates and&#xD;
accomplishes collaborative projects across traditional borders. Bergen has now a rich&#xD;
and competent foundation for research about health and disease in a cultural&#xD;
perspective. This is partly initiated or inspired by the activities of the Health pals, and&#xD;
partly established around arenas where the research group has contributed. We have&#xD;
together published the book Health images – Illness and disease in a cultural perspective, where&#xD;
we study different types of understanding which underlie the images about the sick and&#xD;
the healthy body. We have contributed to publication of special issues about health and&#xD;
culture in the Journal of the Norwegian Medical Association, Journal for Welfare Research,&#xD;
Scandinavian Journal of Public Health and Journal for Culture Studies (2006). We have arranged&#xD;
internal seminars, supervision seminars, PhD-courses and a considerable number of&#xD;
open seminars and workshops with international guests, and also established collaboration with a group of researchers at Copenhagen University. The Health Pals have&#xD;
engaged guest researchers and funded development and support of local projects. At the&#xD;
end of the project period, most of the members of the group are engaged in new crossdisciplinary&#xD;
pursuits with activities providing good outcome regarding publications and&#xD;
funding.</description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 28 Nov 2005 22:58:59 GMT</pubDate>
    </item>
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