http://hdl.handle.net/1956/993 Search the Channel search http://bora.uib.no/simple-search http://hdl.handle.net/1956/2369 Title: Learning environment, students’ coping styles and emotional and behavioural problems <br/> <br/>Authors: Thuen, Elin Marie <br/> <br/>Abstract: One of the main purposes of the present thesis was to investigate to what extent associations between learning environment factors and emotional and behavioural problems could be influenced or accounted for by variations in personal characteristics. This was based on previous research which had stated that the associations between perceived learning environment and behavioral and emotional outcomes had primarily been identified at the individual level. Students’ coping styles were included in the thesis as measurements of personal characteristics. A further purpose of the study was to explore the extent to which different learning environment factors were associated with off-task-orientation, emotional problems and externalising problems. In addition to exploring how students’ coping styles could influence the relationship between learning environment factors and emotional and behavioural problems, investigating the direct associations between students’ coping styles and emotional and behavioral problems were also of interest. Two data sources were used: a survey conducted in 1998 among 2006 9th grade students in a representative sample of Norwegian municipalities and a one group pretest-posttest design study linked to a restructuring of the learning environment in a Norwegian secondary school of 350 students. The restructuring itself provided us with an opportunity to investigate the aims of the thesis adopting an approach other than the survey study. The results indicate that the way students usually cope with academic and social stress at school is related to their reports of emotional and behavioural problems, and, in general, a similar relationship pattern was found for the ten per cent of students with the most serious problems. These results indicate that students’ coping styles are good predictors of emotional and behavioural problems. With regard to the examination of the degree to which the associations between learning environment factors and emotional and behavioural problems could be influenced or accounted for by students’ coping styles, the results showed that one third of the variance learning environment factors accounted for in emotional and behavioural problems had also been accounted for by students’ coping styles. This may indicate that the associations between learning environment factors and emotional and behavioural problems to some degree could be reflections of students’ coping styles in that coping styles affect or color students’ perceptions of the learning environment or that students contribute to the shaping of the learning environment through their coping styles. Finally, the results showed that the learning environment factors still accounted for a substantial amount of the variances in emotional and behavioural problems when controlling for students’ coping style. About two-thirds of the covariance explained by learning environment factors in the variances in emotional and behavioural problems were explained solely by learning environment factors. The unique effect of learning environment factors on variances in off-task-orientation, externalising problems and emotional problems was 22%, 13% and 4%, respectively. The results indicate that most of the learning environment factors are related to emotional and behavioural problems. However, some of the learning environment factors emerge as stronger predictors of emotional and behavioural problems than the others. Among these, emotional support from teachers and perceptions of the meaningfulness of schoolwork stand out the most. Tue, 15 May 2007 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/1956/1809 Title: "Kvinner viser vei" - men stoppes de av språket? : en postmodernistisk forståelse av kjønn & ledelsesdiskursen <br/> <br/>Authors: Bru, Kari Fri, 29 Oct 1999 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/1956/1775 Title: Journalister i fyr og flamme? Utbrenhet psykosociale arbeidsmiljøforhold, negativ og positiv affektivitet arbeidsnarkomani og flyterfaring i et utvalg av journalister <br/> <br/>Authors: Danielsen, Petter; Paulsen, Silje U.; Rogne, Veronica B. <br/> <br/>Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine burnout in a population of journalists (n = 209). Burnout was measured by The Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach et al., 1996). Ten percent of the journalists could be characterized as burned-out. The psychosocial work environment was measured by The QPSNordic (Skogstad, et al., 2001). The results indicated a strong relationship between burnout and the psychosocial work environment. According to Maslach and Leiter’s (1996) six areas of organizational life, there were mismatches on community and fairness, and to a lesser degree workload and control, which in turn were related to burnout. Negative and positive affect, measured by The PANAS Scales (Watson et al., 1988) accounted for some of the variance in burnout, and had mediating effects on the relationship between the psychosocial work environment and burnout. Workaholism as measured by Spence and Robbins’ measures of workaholism components (1992) showed some positive correlations to burnout. Flow as measured by The Flow State Scale (Jackson & Marsh, 1996) was to some degree negatively related to burnout. The importance of including personal and situational factors in the study of burnout is emphasized.; Den foreliggende undersøkelsen kartlegger utbrenthet i et utvalg av journalister (n = 209). Ti prosent karakteriseres som utbrente. Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (Maslach, Jackson & Leiter, 1996) måler utbrenthet. QPSNordic (Skogstad et al., 2001) kartlegger psykososiale arbeidsmiljøforhold. Utbrenthet er nært knyttet til psykososiale arbeidsmiljøforhold. Sett ut i fra seks psykososiale arbeidsområder, definert av Maslach og Leiter (1997), er fellesskap og rettferdighet sterkest relatert til utbrenthet. I tillegg er det en forbindelse mellom arbeidsmengde, kontroll og utbrenthet. Sammenhengen mellom psykososiale arbeidsmiljøforhold og utbrenthet påvirkes videre av negativ og positiv affektivitet, målt med The PANAS Scales (Watson et al., 1988). Arbeidsnarkomani er relatert til utbrenthet, og målt med Workaholism (Spence & Robbins, 1992). Flyt har en tendens til negativ sammenheng med utbrenthet. The Flow State Scale (Jackson & Marsh, 1996) måler flyt. Funnene understreker viktigheten av å trekke inn både individuelle og situasjonelle faktorer i studiet av utbrenthet. Sun, 29 Oct 2000 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/1956/1774 Title: Arbeidsmiljø i et toppsikret fengsel : konfrontasjoner, utbrenthet og mestring <br/> <br/>Authors: Wadseth, John Petter; Ommedal, Siv <br/> <br/>Abstract: Denne studien tar for seg generelt arbeidsmiljø i et av landets største fengsler, Ullersmo fengsel. De ansattes opplevelse av psykososialt arbeidsmiljø ble undersøkt i forhold til grad av kontakt med innsatte og rapporterte erfaringer med konfrontasjoner (trusler, vold, mobbing) med innsatte. Videre undersøkte vi hvorvidt det å ha opplevd konfrontasjoner med innsatte var relatert til rapportering av utbrenthet. Relasjonen mellom utbrenthet og bruk av mestrings og forsvarsstrategier ble også vurdert. Vi undersøkte videre kjønnsforskjeller sett i forhold til konfrontasjoner med de innsatte, grad av utbrenthet, og mestring. Resultatene viser at kontakt med innsatte er en av arbeidsbetingelsene som er mest relatert til jobbstress for fengselsbetjentene. Betjenter som hadde opplevd konfrontasjoner med innsatte rapporterte større grad av psykososial arbeidsbelastning enn betjenter som ikke hadde opplevd konfrontasjoner. Å ha opplevd vold på arbeidsplassen så ut til å føre til de mest negative konsekvensene både i forhold til opplevd psykososial arbeidsbelastning og i forhold til utbrenthet. I tråd med tidligere studier, fant vi en signifikant negativ forbindelse mellom utbrenthet og instrumentell mestring, og en positiv relasjon mellom utbrenthet og emosjonsfokusert mestring. Kjønnsforskjeller med hensyn til arbeidsinnhold ble avdekket. Kvinner hadde opplevd færre konfrontasjoner med innsatte enn sine mannlige kolleger. De rapporterte også mindre grad av utbrenthet enn menn. Vi fant ingen signifikante forskjeller mellom kvinner og menn vedrørende bruk av forsvars og mestringsstrategier. Metodiske svakheter ved studien blir diskutert. Resultatene drøftes i forhold til tidligere forskning og eventuelle arbeidsmiljøintervensjoner.; This study examined social and psychological factors at work, interpersonal contact including various types of confrontations with inmates, burnout, and copingstrategies among correctional employees in one of the biggest correctional institutions in Norway, Ullersmo fengsel. The findings revealed that contact with inmates seems to be one of the work conditions most related to job stress in this correctional institution of the present study. The experience of confrontations (harassment, threats, violence) with inmates was found to be closely related to experienced work stress among correctional officers. Confrontations with inmates, especially violence, also seemed to be related to burnout. Consistent with previous research findings, an instrumentally focused coping strategy showed a significant negative association with burnout, emotion focused coping, on the other hand, was positively related to burnout scores. We also examined gender differences in relation to experience of confrontations, burnout, and coping. Women reported fewer confrontations with inmates than do men, and significantly fewer burnout symptoms. We found no significant differences between male and female correctional employees regarding coping strategies. The findings were discussed in light of previous research. Suggestions for future interventions are addressed. Sun, 29 Oct 2000 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/1956/1773 Title: An empirical investigation of depression symptoms : norms, psychometric characteristics and factor structure of the Beck Depression Inventory-II <br/> <br/>Authors: Aasen, Harald <br/> <br/>Abstract: The present study provides normative data and investigated the psychometric characteristics and factor structure of a Norwegian version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) in a general population sample (N=875) and a student sample (N=303). High internal consistency of the BDI-II was found in both samples, and sufficient test-retest reliability over a three week period was obtained in the student sample. Results from the student sample further established evidence for convergent and discriminative validity, but only preliminary indications of the construct validity of the BDI-II were obtained. Confirmational factor analyses were carried out with both samples respectively. Taking into account model parsimony, a three-factor model was retained for post-hoc analyses. A modified three-factor model achieved satisfactory fit across subgroups of the general population sample and the student sample. Sample characteristics and methodological limitations are discussed, validation of the Norwegian version of the BDI-II and contribution to research on the BDI-II in general summarized, and issues for further validation and research recommended. Sun, 29 Oct 2000 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/1956/1772 Title: Angst og depresjon som risikofaktorer for uføretrygding <br/> <br/>Authors: Mykletun, Arnstein <br/> <br/>Abstract: Formålet med denne studien var å vurdere betydningen av angst og depresjon som risikofaktorer for uføretrygd. Det empiriske materialet er de to helseundersøkelsene i Nord-Trøndelag fra 1984 og 1995, og et prospektivt paneldesign er lagt til grunn. Symptomer på angst og depresjon i 1984 økte risikoen for uføretrygding i perioden mellom de to helseundersøkelsene. Effektene var større om symptomene også ble rapportert ved den andre helseundersøkelsen, og effektene var robuste for kontroll for somatiske diagnoser, somatiske symptomer, funksjonssvikt, demografi og helserelatert atferd. Depresjon er en noe sterkere prediktor på uføretrygding enn angst, og effektene er omtrent like sterke for kvinner som for menn. Personer som rapporterer somatiske helseplager har en økt risiko for uføretrygding, og risikoen er vesentlig høyere dersom de også rapporterer angst og/eller depresjon. Resultatene gir støtte til hypotesen som foreslår indirekte effekter av angst og depresjon på uføretrygding via somatisk sykdom. Avslutningsvis blir det drøftet om effekten av angst og depresjon på uføretrygdingsrisiko er undervurdert i litteraturen grunnet somatisering, indirekte effekter av angst og depresjon via somatisk sykdom på uføretrygdingsrisiko og reliabilitetsproblemer. Resultatene er drøftet i lys av psykologisk, økonomisk, sosiologisk og helseøkonomisk teori.; The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of anxiety and depression as risk factors for disability pension. The empirical data was obtained from the two health-studies in Nord-Trøndelag County in Norway in 1984 and 1995, and a prospective panel-design was used. Symptoms of anxiety and depression in 1984 increased the risk for becoming disability pensioned in the period between the two health-studies. The effects were stronger in those who also reported symptoms of anxiety and depression at the second health-study, and the effects sustained with adjustment for somatic diagnoses, somatic symptoms, disability, demographics and health-related behaviour. The effect of symptoms of depression was somewhat strong as compared to anxiety, and the effects were equal in men and women. Persons reporting somatic health-problems suffer an increased risk for becoming disability pensioned, and the risk is considerably higher if also symptoms of anxiety or depression are reported. The results support the hypothesis suggesting indirect effects of anxiety and depression on risk for disability pension through somatic diseases. A hypothesis suggesting the influence of anxiety and depression is underestimated in the literature is discussed. The results are discussed according in reference to theory from psychology, economics, sociology and occupational Sun, 29 Oct 2000 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/1956/1563 Title: Dreams, Psychoanalysis and Postmodernism <br/> <br/>Authors: Godager, Ole-Sigurd <br/> <br/>Abstract: This theoretical essay gives a description on the use of dreams in psychoanalysis. Central theoretical directions and general assumptions within the psychoanalytic use of dreams are illustrated with the help of a case example. The essay describes important theoretical developments within psychoanalysis, with an emphasis on the cultural roots of these perspectives. A presentation of the development of postmodernism in psychoanalysis is given before an exploration of postmodern influence on psychoanalysis. Postmodernism is suggested to chiefly affect the psychoanalytic understanding of dreams in four important ways. Those include a narrative perspective on the understanding of dreams and an emphasis on the subjectivity and weakened authority of the analyst. Further, the text explores cultural roots of contemporary use of dreams and the question of legitimation in a postmodern context is discussed.; Denne oppgaven oppsummerer utviklingen av bruk av drøm innenfor psykoanalyse. Sentrale psykoanalytiske retningers bruk av drøm, samt deres felles antagelser omkring drøm blir illustrert ved hjelp av et kasus. Oppgaven presenterer viktige teoretiske utviklingslinjer innenfor psykoanalyse, med vekt på hvordan disse retninger gjenspeiler kultur. Postmodernisme vil bli beskrevet som kritikk, tilstand og tankesett innenfor psykoanalyse, og teksten utforsker sentrale måter psykoanalysen håndterer postmoderne implikasjoner på og relevansen dette har for bruk av drøm. Dette innebærer et fokus på analytikerens subjektivitet og reduserte autoritet, og en konstruktivistisk og narrativ forståelse av drømmebruk. Oppgaven belyser videre nåtidig psykoanalytisk bruk av drøm sin kulturelle kontekst og gir en diskusjon av legitimering av psykoanalyse og bruk av drøm i et postmoderne perspektiv. <br/> <br/>Description: Dette en er bearbeidet utgave av oppgaven. Rettelser gjelder layout, nummerering og innholdsfortegnelse. Fri, 29 Oct 2004 22:58:59 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/1956/1550 Title: Bullying at work : Antecedents and outcomes <br/> <br/>Authors: Matthiesen, Stig Berge <br/> <br/>Description: This doctoral thesis is based on the following papers: Paper 1 : Einarsen, S., Matthiesen, S. B., & Skogstad, A. (1998). Bullying, burnout and well-being among assistant nurses. Journal of Occupational Health and Safety - Australia and New Zealand, 14, 263-268. Paper 2: Matthiesen, S. B., & Einarsen, S. (2001). MMPI-2 configurations after persistent bullying at work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10(4), 467-484. Paper 3: Matthiesen, S., Aasen, E., Holst, G., K., W., & Einarsen, S. (2003). The escalation of conflict: a case study of bullying at work. International Journal of Management and Decision Making, 4(1), 96-112. Paper 4: Matthiesen, S. B., & Einarsen, S. (2004). Psychiatric distress and symptoms of PTSD after bullying at work. British Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 32(3), 335-356. Paper 5: Matthiesen, S. B. & Einarsen, S. (Submitted paper). Perpetrators and targets of bullying at work: Role stress and individual differences. Mon, 29 May 2006 22:58:59 GMT