References and literature

There are many ways to list references and literature. The library has worked out a system for handling this at Molde University College. See also Guidelines for using sources and Copyright .

 

References are sources of information that are used when writing reports, articles and student assignments, etc. A reference list shows where the material has come from, what information belongs to the writer and what has been quoted or referred to from other sources. This way information and quotes can be verified. A good reference list is one way to avoid plagiarism by showing the original author's reasoning. The correct use of a reference list is important for all types of reports and writing tasks.

 

There are different styles for writing a reference list. The Harvard system uses "author-year" citation with a reference list. This is a simple and effective way to list a reference and it is widely used in academic writing.

 

There may be other rules for listing references in an article that is published in a specific journal. These will be given in the journal. If you need help to find this information, contact the library at Biblioteket@HiMolde.no

 

Main rules
The reference should be complete so that the reader will be able to find the source. Sources are given both in the text and in the reference list, which is found in the last part of the report. The reference in the text must correspond to the citation in the reference list. Keep a complete reference list as you are compiling material for your report. The reference list should only show sources that have been used in the text and all sources should be found in the reference list.

 

Sources of information must be given in the list of references. If the text refers to a source, write the author's last name and year of the source in parentheses. If it is a quote, also write the page number where the quote was found.

 

Listing a source in the text with author's last name and year in parentheses:

        ...that is shown to be important in the strategic process (Lorange 1993).

        Peter Lorange (1993) proposed in his analysis of strategic process that ....

 

When there are two authors, always write both last names each time they are referred to, e.g. (Amdam and Sogner 1994). When there are three or more authors, write their last names the first time the reference is mentioned and only the first author's last name followed by "et al." thereafter:

        A new study of the auto industry in Poland (Haanæs et al. 1997) shows that...

 

Short quotations should be integrated in the text, enclosed in quotation marks. The source is given in parentheses after the closing quotation mark. Longer quotations should be set off from the text in a block quotation, which starts on a new line, indented and without quotation marks. The source is given in parentheses at the end of the quotation. Do not use punctuation after the parentheses.

 

When a direct quote is given, the reference should also include the page number. Place a comma between the year and page number:

     Michael Porter (1985, p.3) said that on the other hand such "value is what customers are willing to pay".

 

When the material refers to special pages in a book, if it is not a direct quote it should be shown as:
        Therefore, Fred Selnes (1998, pp. 320-321) concludes in his study that ...

 

All reports and written assignments should have a reference list that indexes the references in the text. The reference list comes last in the document on a new page with the heading "Reference list". Here references are arranged alphabetically according to last name of the first author. When there are several works by the same author(s), sort them chronologically. If an author has two or more publications in the same year that are referred to, add lower case a, b, etc. after the year:

       Jones, Arthur (2000a)

       Jones, Arthur (2000b)

 

The full name of the author(s) should be used if known, otherwise use the last name and initial of the first name. All names of authors are inverted (last name, first name) and when there are several authors separate the names with a semicolon. Editors are listed differently in different languages (red./ed./eds.).

 

The journal title should not be shortened, but the complete title should be listed. In English, a journal title should be capitalized, but not article and book titles. The edition is listed, if it is not the first edition. There should be a line-space left between each reference. Below you can find the elements of a complete reference. The reference list should be correctly punctuated and written in the appropriate type.

 

Author (year) Title of book: subtitle. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher.

 

Two authors:

Kotler, Philip; Armstrong, Gary (2001) Principles of marketing. 9th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ.: Prentice Hall.

 

Three or more authors:

Dix, Alan; Finlay, Janet; Abowd, Gregory D.; Beale, Russel (2004) Human-computer interaction. 3rd ed. Harlow : Pearson.

 

Editor:

McConville, James, ed. (1997) Transport regulation matters . London : Pinter.

 

Author (year) Title of chapter. In: Editor(s). Title of the book, edition, page numbers of chapter. Place of publication: Publisher.

 

Toonen, Theo A.J. (1993) Dutch provinces and the struggle for the meso. In: Sharpe, L.J., ed. The rise of meso government in Europe, pp. 117-153. London : Sage Publications.

 

Author (year) Title of report. Title of series, report number. Place of publication: Publisher.

 

Bjarnar, Ove; Gammelsæter, Hallgeir (2003) Convergent and divergent regional business cultures. Working paper / Molde University College , 2003:4. Molde: Molde University College .

 

Published thesis and dissertations are treated as books or reports in numbered series.

 

Unpublished theses and dissertations

Author (year) Title of thesis/dissertaion. Thesis or dissertation type. Place: Name of un iversity or school.

 

Oppen, Johan (2004) Arc routing in a node routing environment. Master thesis. Molde: Molde University College .

 

Author (year) Title of article. Title of Journal, volume (issue number): page numbers.

 

Buvik, Arnt; Reve,Torger (2001) Asymmetrical deployment of specific asset and contractual safeguarding in industrial purchasing relationships. Journal of Business Research, 51(2):101-113.

 

Bjørkly, Stål (2004) Transitional risk management programs between forensic institution and community. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 3:67-77.

 

Rules for quoting documents from the Internet and other electronic sources closely follow the rules related to printed material.

 

Internet documents

Author (year published or last downloaded) Title of document  [Medium]. Place of publication: Publisher. Available from URL:< ... > [Accessed date]

 

Arntzen, Halvard; Løkketangen, Arne (2000) A local search heuristic for a university timetabling problem [Online]. Molde: Molde University College . Available from URL: http://www.idsia.ch/Files/ttcomp2002/arntzen.pdf [Accessed 31 August 2004]

 

Author (year) Title of article. Title of Journal  [Medium], volume (issue number): page numbers. Available from: < ... > [Accessed date].

 

Higle, Julia L.; Wallace, Stein W. (2003) Sensitivity analysis and un certainty in linear programming. Interfaces [Online], 33(4): 53-60., 17(2):9-26. Available from: ProQuest Direct, ABI Inform Global [Accessed 10 February 2005 ]

 

Computer programs

Writer of program (year) Title of program. Version. [Descriptive label]. Distributor.

 

Chen, Roger (1986) Visdata. Vers. 1.1. [Computer software]. Viscal. IBM PC-DOS 2.0, 256KB, disk.