In-text-citations (Harvard)

• The in-text-citations should be in accordance with the bibliography
• The in-text-citations should be retrieved in the bibliography
• The in-text-citations should be in the same language as the rest of the manuscript
• Repeated citations to the same publication may be replaced by (ibid.)
• The examples below are recommended suggestions. There are allowed variations. Ask the library!

Main rule:

(Author’s last name Publications year)

Ex: (Christensen 2001)

One author:

(Author’s last name Year)

…it should be taught (Bertheussen 1999)…

If the author is mentioned in the text:

… Bertheussen (1999) thinks…

…Bertheussen wrote in 1999…

If there are more than one publication by the same author the same year:

(Bertheussen 1999a) (Bertheussen 1999b)

If you refer to a chapter or some pages in a publication:

(Bertheussen 1999 p. 199-210) (Bertheussen 1999 p. 3) (Bertheussen 1999 chapter 2) (Bertheussen 1999 s. 3) if the manuscript is written in Norwegian.

Two or three authors:

(Olsen & Andersen 1989) (Olsen, Nilsen & Andersen 1999) You may also write (Olsen and Andersen 1989), alternatively (Olsen og Andersen 1989) if your manuscript is written in Norwegian.

More than three authors:

(Olsen et al. 1996)

Et al. is short for “et alii”, latin for “and others”. This is an internationally used abbreviation.

Without author and publications by public institutions without author’s name:

(Title Year)

(Århundrets hvem hva hvor 1999)

Second hand citation:

...as Ville states, ”Perhaps the conflict seems so strong because the stakes are so low.” (as cited in Affleck, Allen,  & DeLoatch, 1997)

If your manuscript is written in Norwegian: (som sitert i Affleck, Allen, & DeLoatch 1997)

Citations from unpublished literature:

Such citations should be listed in a bibliography of their own.

Ex: Inger Cathrine Spangen (E-mail 22.11.2001) confirms that…

      Tor Åge Bringsværd (Lecture 28.10.2001) told us…