English – Footnotes
- In your text, place a superscript number at the end of the sentence containing the material you have referred to or quoted, like this
- In Word click on Insert, then create Footnote
- A footnote should consist of the author’s name, the title (the place of publication, the name of the publisher, the year the document was published) and a page reference.
- As the name implies, footnotes appear at the “foot” of the page, beginning four lines/two double spaces below the text. Single-space footnotes, but double-space between them. The superscript numbers in the text should correspond to the superscript numbers at the bottom of the text. The numbers at the bottom of the text introduce the line instead of appearing at the end of it
- When a footnote continues on the following page, add a solid line across the text and continue the note two lines/one double space below the solid line. Footnotes for the new page immediately follow the note continued from the previous page, after a double space
- When a footnote refers to exactly the same source as the footnote immediately preceding it, Ibid. is used. It means that the footnote refers to the same page of the same book by the same author
- When ibid is followed by a page number, it means that the reference is still to the same book by the same author, but on another page
- If the footnote refers to a different page of the same author referred to earlier in the text, you should put down the author’s name and the page number(s) instead of ibid
BOOKS AND OTHER NONPERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS
A book by a single author
1 Francis Fukuyama, Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution (New York: Farrar, 2002) 32.
An anthology or a compilation
2 Susan Ostrov Weisser, ed., Women and Romance: A Reader (New York: New York UP, 2001).
A book by two or more authors
3 James W. Marquart, Sheldon Ekland Olson, and Jonathan R. Sorensen, The Rope, the Chair, and the Needle: Capital Punishment in Texas, 1923-1990 (Austin: U of Texas, 1994) 52-57.
A book by a corporate author
4 Public Agenda Foundation, The Health Care Crisis: Containing Costs, Expanding Coverage (New York: McGraw, 1992) 69.
A work in an anthology
5 Isabel Allende, “Toad’s Mouth,” trans. Margaret Sayers Peden, A Hammock beneath the Mangoes: Stories from Latin America, ed. Thomas Colchie (New York: Plume, 1992) 83.
An article in a reference book
6 ”Mandarin,” The Encyclopedia Americana, 1994 ed.
An introduction, a preface, a foreword, or an afterword
7 J.M. Coetzee, introduction, The Confusions of Young Törless, by Robert Musil, trans. Shaun Whiteside (New York: Penguin, 2001) v-vi.
An anonymous book
8 New York Public Library American History Desk Reference (New York: Macmillian, 1997) 241-47.
An edition
9 Jane Austen, Sense and Sensibility, ed. Claudia Johnson (New York: Norton, 2001) 121.
10 Fredson Bowers, ed., The Red Badge of Courage: An Episode of the American Civil War, by Stephen Crane (1895; Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1975).
Translation
11 Laura Esquivel, Like Water for Chocolate: A Novel in Monthly Installments, with Recipes, Romances, and Home Remedies, trans. Carol Christiansen and Thomas Christensen (New York: Doubleday, 1992) 1-5.
A book published in a second or subsequent edition
12 Peter Bondanella, Italian Cinema: From Neorealism to the Present, 3rd ed. (New York: Continuum, 2001) 61.
A Multivolume Work
13 Paul Lauter et al., eds., The Health Anthology of American Literature, 4th ed., 2 vols. (Boston: Hougthon, 2002).
14 Arthur Conan Doyle, The Oxford Sherlock Holmes, ed. Owen Dudley Edwards, vol. 8 (New York: Oxford UP, 1993).
15 René Wellek, A History of Modern Criticism, 1750-1950, vol.5 (New Haven: Yale UP, 1986) 322-26.
A book in a series
16 Alfreda Murck, Poetry and Painting in Son China: The Subtle Art of Dissent, Harvard-Yenching Inst. Monograph Ser. 50 (Cambridge: Harvard UP, 2000) 62.
A republished book
17 Margaret Atwood, The Blind Assassin, (2000; New York: Knopf-Random, 2001) 209-12.
A publisher’s imprint
18 Phillip Lopate, ed., The Art of the Personal Essay: An Anthology from the Classical Era to the Present (New York: Anchor-Doubleday, 1994).
A book with multiple publishers
19 J. Wight Duff, A Literary History of Rome: From the Origins to the Close of the Golden Age, ed. A.M. Duff, 3rd ed. (1953; London: Benn; New York: Barnes, 1967) 88.
A pamphlet
20 Washington, DC (New York: Trip Builder, 2000)
A government publication
21 United Nations, Centre on Transnational Corporations, Foreign Direct Investment, the Service Sector, and International Banking (New York: United Nations, 1987) 4-6.
The published proceedings of a conference
22 Steve S. Chang, Lily Liaw, and Josef Ruppenhofer. Eds., Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, February 12-15, 1999: General Session and Parasession on Loan Word Phenomena (Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Soc., 2000).
A book in an language other than English
23 Emanuel Poche, Prazské Palace (Praha [Prague]: Odeon, 1977) 1-5.
A book published before 1900
24 John Dewey, The School and Society (Chicago, 1899) 104.
A book without stated publication information or pagination
25 Zvi Malachi, ed., Proceedings of the International Conference on Literary and Linguistic Computing ([Tel Aviv]: [Fac. of Humanities, Tel Aviv U], n.d.).
An unpublished dissertation
26 Mary Kelly, “Factors Predicting Hospital Readmission of Normal Newborns,” diss., U of Michigan, 2001, 34.
A published dissertation
27 Rudolf f. Dietze, Ralph Ellison: The Genesis of an Artist, diss., U Erlangen-Nürnberg, 1982, Erlanger Beiträge zur Sprach- und Kunstwissenschaft 70 (Nürnberg: Carl, 1982) 168.
ARTICLES AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS IN PERIODICALS
An article in a scholarly journal with continuous Pagination
1 Katie Trumpener, “Memories Carved in Granite: Great War Memorials and Everyday Life,” PMLA 115 (2000): 1099.
An article in a scholarly journal that pages each issue separately
2 Frederick Barthelme, “Architeture,” Kansas Quarterly 13.3-4 (1981): 77-78.
An article in a scholarly journal that uses only issue numbers
3 Marisa Lajolo, “The Female Reader on Trial,” Brasil 14 (1995): 75-76.
An article in a scholarly journal with more than one series
4 John Daniels, “Indian Population of North America in 1492,” William and Mary Quarterly 3rd ser. 49 (1992): 300-02.
An article in a newspaper
5 Kenneth Chang, “The Melting (Freezing) of Antarctica,” New York Times 2 Apr. 2002, late ed.: F1.
An article in an magazine
8 Annie Murphy Paul, “Self-Help: Shattering the Myths,” Psychology Today Mar.-Apr. 2001: 60.
A review
9 John Updike, “No Brakes,” rev. of Sinclair Lewis: Rebel from Main Street, by Richard Lingeman, New Yorker 4. Feb. 2002: 77-78.
An abstract in an abstract journal
10 Mary Kelly, “Factors Predicting Hospital Readmission of Normal Newborns,” diss., U of Michigan, 2001, DAI 62 (2001): 2283B.
An anonymous article
11 “It barks! It kicks! It scores!” Newsweek 30 July 2001: 12.
An editorial
12 “Death of a Writer,” editorial, New York Times 20 Apr. 1994, late ed.: A18.
A letter to the editor
13 Jeffrey Mehlman, letter, Partisan Review 69 (2002): 320
A serialized article
14 Harrison T. Meserole and James M. Rambeau, “Articles on American Literature Appearing in Current Periodicals,” American Literature 52 (1981): 704-05; 53 (1981): 164-66.
A special issue
15 Kwame Anthony Appiah And Henry Louis Gates, Jr. eds., Identities, spec. issue of Critical Inquiry 18.4 (1992): 625-884 (Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1995).
An article in a microform collection of articles
16 Dan Chapman, “Panel Could Help Protect Childre,” Winston-Salem Journal 14 Jan. 1990: 14, Newsbank: Welfare and Social Problems 12 (1990): fiche 1, grids A8-11.
An article reprinted in a loose-leaf collections of articles
17 Brad Edmondson, “AIDS and Aging,” American Demographics Mar. 1990: 28+, The AIDS Crisis, ed. Eleanor Goldstein, vol. 2 (Boca Raton: SIRS, 1991) art. 24.
ELECTONIC PUBLICATIONS
A document from an Internet site
1 “Selected Seventeenth-Century Events,” Romantic Chronology, ed. Laura Mandell and Alan Liu, 1999, U of California, Santa Barbara, 22 June 2002 <http://english.ucsb.edu:591/rchrono/>.
An entire Internet site
2 Romantic Chronology, ed. Laura Mandell and Alan Liu, 1999, U of California, Santa Barbara, 22 June 2002 <http://english.ucsb.edu:591/rchrono/>
An article in an online periodical
3 Gabrielle Dane, “Reading Ophelia’s Madness,” Exemplaria 10.2 (1998), 22 June 2002<http://web.english.ufl.edu/english/exemplaria/danefram.htm>
A publication on CD-ROM
4 A. R. Braunmuller, ed., Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, CD-ROM (New York: Voyager, 1994).
